Year.

A.D. 1769 William Robertson, historian. Charles V.'

1769 Thomas Chatterton published pretended poems of Rowley 1770 Tobias Smollett's Humphrey Clinker'.

1771 Henry Mackenzie's Man of Feeling'

1775 R. B. Sheridan, orator, dramatist. The Rivals'

'The Village'

VIII. 330

1776 EDWARD GIBBON, historian. 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' VII. 281 1783 George Crabbe, realistic poet of humble life. 1785 WILLIAM COWPER, poet. The Task'

IX. 198

VIII. 346
VII. 384

1791 James Boswell, biographer. 'Life of Dr. Johnson 1790 Edmund Burke, statesman, orator. Reflections on the French Revolution' VIII. 341 1794 William Godwin, novelist. 'Caleb Williams' 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge publish ‘Lyrical Ballads 1799 Thomas Campbell, lyric poet. 'Pleasures of Hope'

1801 Robert Southey, poet, essayist. Thalaba'; 'The Doctor' (1834) 1802 The Edinburgh Review' founded

VII. 300

IX. 260

IX. 271

IX. 267

IX. 298

VIII. 355

1870 Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, statesman, novelist.
1882 Sir Walter Besant, novelist. All Sorts and Conditions of Men'
1886 Alfred Lord Tennyson, lyric poet, completed Idylls of the King' (1858-86)
1886 Robert Louis Stevenson, novelist. 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde'
1889 James Bryce, publicist. 'American Commonwealth'
1895 Alfred Austin, appointed poet laureate. England's Darling'

1805 SIR WALTER SCOTT'S Lay of the Last Minstrel'

1810 S. T. Coleridge, poet, philosopher. The Friend'

1811 Jane Austen, novelist. Sense and Sensibility'

'The Excursion

1812 LORD BYRON, narrative and passionate poet. 'Childe Harold'
1814 Sir W. Scott issues Waverley' anonymously
1815 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, meditative poet.
1817 Thomas Moore, lyric poet. Lalla Rookh'
1818 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, lyric poet.
1820 John Keats, lyric and narrative poet. Eve of St. Agnes'
1820 Sydney Smith, witty contributor to Edinburgh Review
1823 Charles Lamb, essayist. Essays of Elia'

IX. 249

'Revolt of Islam'

IX. 225

IX. 297

IX. 239

IX. 275

X. 228

1827 Thomas Hood, poet, punster. Bridge of Sighs'

1834 THOMAS CARLYLE, biographer, seer. 'Sartor Resartus

1843 John Ruskin, art-critic, prose-poet. 'Modern Painters (1843-60)
1847 Charlotte Bronte, novelist. Jane Eyre'.

1848 Lord Macaulay, essayist, historian. History of England
1848 W. M. THACKERAY, novelist. 'Vanity Fair'.
1849 Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, novelist, dramatist.
1849 Kev. Charles Kingsley, novelist. 'Alton Locke'
1850 CHARLES DICKENS, novelist of humble life. 'David Copperfield'
1850 ALFRED TENNYSON, lyric poet. In Memoriam'
1856 Mrs. E. B. BROWNING, lyric poet. Aurora Leigh'
1864 Algernon C. Swinburne, poet. • Atalanta in Calydon
1865 Matthew Arnold, poet, critic. Essays on Criticism'
1868 ROBERT BROWNING, psychological poet.
1868 William Morris, socialist, poet.
1869 George Eliot,' novelist,

SCOTCH LITERATURE.

1490 Robert Henryson, schoolmaster, poet, 1500 William Dunbar (1460 ?-1520?) poet

1570 George Buchanan, Latin poet

1378 John Barbour, archdeacon, poet, wrote epic 'The Bruce'

1430 King James I. (1394-1437), poet. 'King's Quhair (Book)

1560 John Knox, Church Reformer

1630 William Drummond of Hawthornden, poet

1706 Watson's 'Collection of Scots Songs'

1725 Allan Ramsay, pastoral poet.

The Gentle Shepherd'

VIII. 301

VIII. 325

1756 John Home, dramatist.

1787 ROBERT BURNS, poet.

1813 James Hogg, the Ettrick

The Cotter's Saturday Night,' 'Tam O'Shanter'. VIII. 308
Shepherd, poet. The Queen's Wake'

1776 The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson

John Trumbull, satirist. McFingal'

1788 The Federalist' by Hamilton, Madison and Jay 1790 Philip Freneau, poet, journalist, satirist .

1793 Joel Barlow, man of affairs. 'Hasty Pudding'

1795 Charles Brockden Brown, first American novelist

1817 W. Cullen Bryant, poet of nature. 'Thanatopsis '

1819 WASHINGTON IRVING, essayist. The Sketch Book'.

1823 J. Fenimore Cooper, novelist of Indians and Sea. The Pilot'

IX. 83

1879 Henry James, novelist. 'Daisy Miller'

1876 Bayard Taylor, traveler, poet. National Ode'

1870 Mark Twain,' Samuel L. Clemens' Innocents Abroad'

1868 F. Bret Harte, poet, story writer. The Luck of Roaring Camp'

1865 Francis Parkman, historian of the French in the New World (1865-85)

1834 George Bancroft, historian. History of United States' completed in 1875 IX: 66
1835 W. Gilmore Simms, novelist of the South. The Yemassee'
1836 R. W. EMERSON, poet, seer.
1843 W. H. Prescott, historian.

'Nature'
Conquest of Mexico'

Evangeline'

'Uncle Tom's Cabin ' Walden, or Life in the Woods' Leaves of Grass'

1845 EDGAR A. POE, poet, sketch writer. "The Raven'
1846 J. R. LOWELL, poet, essayist. Biglow Papers'
1847 H. W. LONGFELLOW, lyric and narrative poet.
1850 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, novelist. The Scarlet Letter '
1851 Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, novelist.
1854 H. D. Thoreau, Concord recluse.
1855 Walt Whitman, naturalistic poet.
1856 John Lothrop Motley, historian.
1858 O. W. Holmes, poet, essayist.
1863 Edward Everett Hale, miscellanist. Philip Nolan'.
1865 J. G. Whittier, Quaker poet. 'Snow-bound'

Rise and Fall of the Dutch Republic'
'Autocrat of the Breakfast Table '

IX. 180

IX. 108

1880 Helen Hunt Jackson, poet, novelist. 'Ramona'

X. 317

1888 Edward Bellamy, novelist. Looking Backward'

1885 William D. Howells, novelist. 'The Rise of Silas Lapham'

6

1885 Charles Egbert Craddock,' Miss Mary N. Murfree, Tennessee novelist

X. 326

X. 345

1889 Joel Chandler Harris, relater of negro folk-lore. 'Uncle Remus 1894 James Whitcomb Riley, poet of common life.

X. 332

X. 358

POETS LAUREATE OF ENGLAND.

GEOFFREY CHAUCER, JOHN SKELTON and EDMUND SPENSER, as recipients of royal favors from Edward III., Henry VIII. and Queen Elizabeth respectively, have sometimes been called Poets Laureate, but they had no legal appointment as such. The position was established in 1630, when Ben Jonson was appointed by King Charles I.

BEN JONSON (1573-1637), appointed 1630.
SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT (1605-68).

JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700).

THOMAS SHADWELL (1640-92), appointed

by William III., 1689.

NAHUM TATE (1652-1715).
NICHOLAS ROWE (1674-1718).
LAWRENCE EUSDEN (d. 1730).

COLLEY CIBBER (1671-1757).

WILLIAM WHITEHEAD (1715-85).

THOMAS WARTON (1728-90).

HENRY JAMES PYE (1745-1813).

ROBERT SOUTHEY (1774-1843).

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850).

ALFRED TENNYSON (1809-92).

ALFRED AUSTIN (b. 1835), appointed 1895.

The French Academy was formed at the suggestion of Cardinal Richelieu, and received ietters patent from Louis XIII, in 1635. Its object was to regulate the usage of the language, and this was done by making a Dictionary, the first edition of which appeared in 1694, and the seventh in 1878. There are forty members, and, on the death of any one, the survivors choose his successor. Hence they are popularly called the Forty Immortals. There are five sections— (1) The Sciences, (2) French Language and Literature, (3) History and Ancient Literature, (4) Fine Arts, (5) Moral and Political Science. Each Academician receives annually 1500 francs, and wears a special dress on ceremonial occasions. The following are the members in 1898, arranged in the order of their election:

Ernest Wilfrid Legouvé (born 1807) dramatist.

DUC DE BROGLIE (1821) historian.

EMILE OLLIVIER (1825) orator.

Alfred MeziÈRES (1826) critic, professor at the Sorbonne,

GASTON BOISSIER (1823) classical scholar.

VICTORIEN Sardou (1831) dramatist.

EDMOND ROUSSE (1816) jurist.

RENÉ SULLY-PRUDHOMME (1839) poet.

VICTOR CHERBULIEZ (1829) novelist.

ADOLPHE PERRAUD (1828) cardinal, ecclesiastical biographer.

EDOUARD PAILLERON (1834) dramatist.

FRANCOIS COPPÉE (1842) poet.

JOSEPH BERTRAND (1822) mathematician.

LUDOVIC HALÉVY (1834) librettist, dramatist, novelist.

EDOUARD HERVÉ (1832) journalist.

VALLERY GREARD (1828) University leader.

COMTE D'HAUSSONVILLE (1843) sociologist.

JULES CLARETIE (1840) dramatist, novelist.

VICOMTE EUGÈNE MELCHIOR DE VOGUE (1848) critic, essayist.

CHARLES DE FREYCINET (1828) statesman, engineer, author.

LOUIS M. JULIEN VIAUD, Pierre Loti' (1850) naval officer, romancist.

ERNEST LAVISSE (1842) historian of Germany.
VICOMTE HENRI de Bornier (1825) novelist.
PAUL THUREAu Dangin (1837) historian.
FERDINAND BRUNETIÈRE (1849) literary critic.
JOSÉ MARIA HERÉDIA (1842) Creole sonneteer.
ALBERT SOREL (1842) historian.

PAUL BOURGET (1852) naturalistic novelist.

HENRI HOUSSAYE (1848) critic, historian, son of Arsène Houssaye.

DUC D'AUDRIFfet Pasquier (1823) historian.

GABRIEL HANOTAUX (1840) historian, statesman, foreign minister.

JULES LEMAITRE (1843) critic.

COMTE ALBERT de Mun (1840) clerical deputy.

GASTON PARIS (1839) literary historian, philologist.

ANATOLE FRANCE (1844) critic.

COSTA DE Beauregard (1835) historian.

Comte Albert de Vandal (1850) historian, novelist,
ANDRÉ THEURIET (1833) novelist.

412