21,000 Scotch invade England; 1644, defeat of Prince Rupert at Marston Moor; "The Self-denying Ordinance;" execution of Laud.

1645. Fruitless treaty of Uxbridge; Cromwell and Fairfax improve the discipline of the parliamentary army.

1646. Battles of Naseby and Philiphaugh; Charles takes refuge in Scotland; is sold by the Scots to parliament for £400,000.

1647. The king seized by the army; he is brought to trial by a “ High Court of Justice," and executed, January 30, 1649; monarchy abolished. 1649. The Commonwealth; the Royalists in Ireland reduced by Cromwell; the Scots proclaim Charles II.; 1650, defeat of Montrose; he is taken and hanged; Charles lands in Scotland, and professes adhesion to the Covenant; victory of Cromwell at Dunbar; 1651, Charles enters England; is defeated by Cromwell at Worcester; escapes to France. 1652. Naval war with Holland; victories of Blake.

1653. Long Parliament dissolved by Cromwell; Barebone's parliament assembles; resigns its power to Cromwell in five months; "Instrument of Government" drawn up.

1654. Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the three kingdoms.

1654. Peace with Holland; a new parliament, which sits only five

months.

1655. Royalist conspiracies crushed; England divided into twelve districts, under military government; war with Spain; Jamaica conquered; Blake captures the Plate fleets, at Cadiz and Santa Cruz; 1657, increase of the Protector's power; the crown offered to him and refused; Dunkirk taken.

1658. Death of Cromwell; his son Richard succeeds him; summons a parliament. 1659, cabal of officers at Wallingford House; Richard resigns.

1659. The Long Parliament re-assembles; is expelled by the army; committee of safety elected.

1660. MONK marches to London, summons the Convention Parliament;

MONARCHY RESTORED.

1660. Charles II. king; Act of Indemnity; the regicides and some others are excluded; the army disbanded; earl of Clarendon lord-chancellor; dissolution of the Convention Parliament.

66

1661. New parliament summoned; alliance with Portugal; 1662, Corporation Act"-" Act of Uniformity," by which 2,000 ministers are ejected from their livings; the king marries Catherine of Portugal; Dunkirk is sold to France.

1664. Conventicle Act; war with Holland; great plague of London; 1665, great fire of London.

1667. The Dutch enter the Thames, and burn the shipping; impeachment and exile of Clarendon.

1668. Triple League; persecution of the Covenanters.

1670. Secret alliance of Charles with France; the "Cabal" ministry; 1672, Exchequer shut; declaration of indulgence, against which the Commons remonstrate; 1673, Test Act passed.

1674. Peace with Holland; 1677, marriage of the Princess Mary with the prince of Orange.

MOUNTAIN SYSTEM OF EUROPE.

Names of
Ranges.

THE ALPS

THE PYRENEES

THE CARPATHIANS,

ок

Lomnitz
Peak,
in the
Tatra
Group.

8,779

Extend from the Mediterranean Sea Pic Nethou 11,168 to the Bay of Biscay, forming a (Maladetta) natural barrier between France and Spain; but, as commonly understood, the chain is confined to between lat. 42° 10′ and 43° 20′ N., and long. 3° 20' E., to 1° 40′ W., or from Cape Creus to Bayonne. Constitute the N.E. portion of the mountain system of S. Europe, extending in a curve from the Danube, at Presburg, to the borders of Silesia, between Galicia and Hungary, Transylvania and Walachia, terminating at Orsova in the Banat. MOUNTAINS The mountains of this peninsula do not form any connected system. The principal chains in Turkey are, the Balkhan (ancient Hæmus) on the E.; the Despoto Dagh (ancient Rhodope) on the S.; and the Dinaric Alps, on the N.W. (M. Dinario, 5,700 feet.)

KRAPACKS,

OF TURKEY.

OF

GREECE.

MOUNTAINS Mount Guiona, an E. offset of the
Pindus chain, is the highest point in
Greece. The other mountains are,
Mount Zagora or Helicon, Mounts
Parnassus, Parnes, Pentilicus, and
Hymettus.
Form the great mountain system of
Italy. The range is connected with
the Alps at about long. 9° E., and
traverses the whole peninsula, ter-
minating at the Strait of Messina.

THE APENNINES

Tschar 10,000
Dagh

Mount 8,239 Guiona

Monte 9,523
Corno

THE SCANDINAVIAN SYSTEM.

THE HESPERIAN SYSTEM

The chain of mountains called the Snae Haten, 8,122
Scandinavian Alps extend across in the
the peninsula of Scandinavia, from Dovre-field.
N.E. to S.W., separating Norway
from Sweden. In the S. division,
they take the names of Dovre-field,
Lang-field, Sogne-field, and Hard-
anger-field.

Is so called because it comprehends
all the mountains and plateaus of
the ancient Hesperia, now the king-
doms of Spain and Portugal. The
principal ranges are, the Cantabrian
range, a continuation of the
Pyrenees; the Castilian range,
from the Muela de Ares to Cape
Roca; the Andalucian range, from
Cape St. Antonio to Cape St.
Vincent, including the Sierra
Morena; and the range of Granada,

with the Sierra Nevada and its cul-
minating point the Cerro Mulhaçen.

Cerro
Mulhacen

11,660

MOUNTAINS These form a large group in the S. Pic de Sancy 6,223

OF

FRANCE.

THE MOUNTAINS

OF

GERMANY

part of the country. The E. portion,
from N. to S., constitute a long
belt, in connexion with the moun-
tains of Western Germany to the
vicinity of the Weser. The prin-
cipal ranges are the Cevennes,
the Volcanic system of Auvergne,
the mountains of Charolais,
Vosges, and the great plateau of the
Nether Rhine.
Form two distinct systems, the one
ranging from S.E. to N.W., the
principal groups of which are, the
Fichtel-gebirge, in the middle; the
Erzgebirge, between Saxony and
Bohemia, with its E. branch, the
Sudeten-gebirge; the Böhmer
Wald, separating Bohemia from
Bavaria, and the Harz, forming the
N. limit of the Thuringian Plateau.
The second system, in the direction
S. to N., contains the Schwarzwald
and the Odenwald mountains,
Spessart and Rhön: the long range
of the German Jura, from the Rhine
to the Main.

THE MOUNTAINS

OF

SCOTLAND.

The chain of the Grampian mountains, Ben Nevis
separating the Highlands from the
Lowlands of Scotland, is the most
extensive in Britain. The other
ranges from N. to S., are the Sidlaw
Hills, the Ochils, the Pentlands,
and the Cheviot Hills, which sepa-
rate Scotland from England.

MOUNTAINS The mountains of Wales, or the
Cambrian system, are the highest
in England.

OF

ENGLAND

MOUNTAINS In Ireland, the principal range of

OF

IRELAND.

mountains extends across the south-
western part of the island, from
east to west.

4,368

Snowdon

3,571

Hermon 11,030

El Burz 17,796

near the northern Konjakofski 5,397

Kamen

MOUNTAIN SYSTEM OF ASIA.

ANTI-LIBANUS Extend from N. to S. of Palestine; parallel to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

CAUCASIAN On N. E. shores of Black Sea.

EL BURZ MOUNTAINS

HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS

ALTAI

MOUNTAINS.

THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS

MEXICAN TABLE-LAND

borders of the Caspian Sea, through

Siberia, to the Arctic Ocean; in

long. 60° E.

Traverse Persia S. of the Caspian Demavend 14,660
Sea.

Extend from W. to E. in Northern

India, and Thibet, intersected by
the 30° of N. lat.

In Northern Asia, between the
parallels of 45° and 55° N.

Kunching- 28,176

MOUNTAIN SYSTEM OF AMERICA.

Extend along the N. W. part of
North America, from the mouth
of the Mackenzie River to the
table-land of Mexico.
Extends from the Rocky Mountains
on the north to the mountains of
Guatemala, with a mean elevation
of 7,000 feet.

ALLEGHANY On the N. E. of North America,

MOUNTAINS.

SYSTEM OF

CENTRAL

AMERICA.

extending from lat. 35° to 41° N. These extend from the Isthmus of Panama to Tehuantepec, forming three groups, and contain numerous active volcanoes.

ANDES OF
SOUTH
AMERICA.

PARIME AND

VENEZUELA

SYSTEM.

The great Cordillera of the Andes The Peak of 24,000 consists of the mountains of New Aconcagua Grenada, Quito, of Peru, of in Chili.

Bolivia, of Chili, and of Patagonia. Ancomarca. 15,724
The mountains of Parimé extend

between the Rivers Amazon and
Orinoco; those of Venezuela along
the N. coast of South America.

MOUNTAINS A series of parallel chains, with a

OF

BRAZIL.

mean elevation of 3,837 feet, extend
from N. to S. of this great Empire,
and communicate with each other
in various localities.

Sierra

10,000

Merida

Itacolumi

6,065

* The development of a stream embraces the windings of the principal

channel and its tributaries.