need not use any force;' and putting out his hands, the captain clapped the irons on, and sent him aft to the quarter deck. Sam by this time was seized up, as it is called, that is, placed against the shrouds, with his wrists made fast to the shrouds, his jacket off, and his back exposed. The captain stood on the break of the deck, a few feet from him, and a little raised, so as to have a good swing at him, and held in his hand the bight of a thick, strong rope. The officers stood round, and the crew grouped together in the waist. All these preparations made me feel sick, and almost faint, angry and excited as I was. A man—a human being, made in God's likeness fastened up and flogged like a beast! A man, too, whom I had lived with and eaten with for months, and knew almost as well as a brother. The first and almost uncontrollable impulse was resistance. But what was to be done? The time for it had gone by. The two best men were fast, and there were only two beside myself, and a small boy of ten or twelve years of age. And then there were (beside the captain) three officers, steward, agent, and clerk. But beside the numbers, what is there for sailors to do? If they resist, it is mutiny; and if they succeed, and take the vessel it is piracy. If they ever yield again, their punishment must come; and if they do not yield, they are pirates for life. If a sailor resist his commander, he resists the law, and piracy or submission are his only alternatives. Bad as it was it must be borne. It is what a sailor ships for. Swinging the rope over his head, and bending his body so as to give it full force, the captain brought it down upon the poor fellow's back. Once, twice-six times. • Will you ever give me any more of your jaw?' The man wriched with pain, but said not a word. Three times more. This was too much, and he muttered something which I could not hear; this brought as many more as the man could stand; when the captain ordered him to be cut down and to go forward.

"Now for you," said the captain, making up to John and taking his irons off. As soon as he was loose, he ran forward to the forecastle. Bring that man aft," shouted the captain. The second mate, who had been a shipmate of John's, stood still in the waist, and the mate walked slowly forward; but our third officer, anxious to show his zeal, sprang forward over the windlass, and laid hold of John; but he soon threw him from him. At this moment I would have given worlds for the power to help the poor fellow; but it was all in vain. The captain stood on the quarter-deck, bare-headed, his eyes flashing with rage, and his face as red as blood, swinging the rope, and calling out to his officers, "Drag him aft!-Lay hold of him! I'll sweeten him!" &c. &c. The mate now went forward and told John quietly to go aft; and he, seeing resistance in vain, threw the blackguard third mate from him; said he would go aft of himself; that they should not drag him; and went to the gangway and held out his hands; but as soon as the captain began to make him fast, the indignity was too much, and he began to resist; but the mate and Russell holding him, he was soon seized up. When he was made fast, he turned to the captain, who stood turning up his sleeves and getting ready for the blow, and asked him what he was to be flogged for. Have I ever refused my duty, sir? Have you ever known me to hang back, or to be insolent, or not to know my work?'

"No,' said the captain; it is not that that I flog you for; I flog you for your interference-for asking questions.'

"Can't a man ask a question here without being flogged?'

"No,' shouted the captain; nobody shall open his mouth aboard this vessel, but myself;' and began laying the blows upon his back, swinging half round between each blow, to give it full effect. And as he went on his passion increased, and he danced about the deck, calling out as he swung the rope,-' If you want to know what I flog you for, I'll tell you. It's because I like to do it!--because I like to do it!-It suits me! That's what I do it for!'

The man writhed under the pain, until he could endure it no longer, when he called out, with an exclamation more common among foreigners than with us 6 - Oh, Jesus Christ! Oh, Jesus Christ!'

66 6

Don't call on Jesus Christ,' shouted the captain; he can't help you. Call on Captain T- He's the man! He can help you! Jesus

Christ can't help you now!'

At these words, which I never shall forget, my blood ran cold. I could look on no longer. Disgusted, sick, and horror-struck, I turned away and leaned over the rail, and looked down into the water."

There was light, although comparatively but in glimmers and short-lived, as well as dark in the history of the Undergraduate's seamanship. But what was his condition when he returned to Boston? Let two or three sentences be read for an answer :

"In half-an-hour more, we were lying snugly, with all sails furled, safe in Boston harbour; our long voyage ended; the well known scene about us; the dome of the State House fading in the western sky; the lights of the city starting into sight, as the darkness came on; and at nine o'clock the clangour of the bells, ringing their accustomed peals; among which the Boston boys tried to distinguish the well-known tone of the Old South.

"We had just done furling the sails, when a beautiful little pleasure-boat luffed up into the wind, under our quarter, and the junior partner of the firm to which our ship belonged, jumped on board. I saw him from the mizentop-sail yard, and knew him well. He shook the captain by the hand, and went down into the cabin, and in a few moments came up and inquired of the mate for me. The last time I had seen him, I was in the uniform of an undergraduate of Harvard College, and now, to his astonishment, there came down from aloft a 'rough alley' looking fellow, with duck trousers and red shirt, long hair, and face burnt as black as an Indian's. He shook me by the hand, congratulated me upon my return and my appearance of health I thanked him for telling and strength, and said my friends were all well.

me what I should not have dared to asked; and if

-'the first bringer of unwelcome news Hath but a losing office; and his tongue

Sounds ever after like a sullen bell

certainly I shall ever remember this man and his words with pleasure."

The concluding chapter, written after the lapse of a consider

able time since the end of his voyage, embraces the author's views of what may be done for seamen, and what is already doing,-those belonging to his own country, of course, being principally regarded. These remarks of the Undergraduate, who has returned to his former pursuits, prove him to be a person of sound judgment and reflecting habits; the very reverse of a visionary. In the first place, he entertains no fancies about equality on board ship, but sees the necessity of discipline; while he thinks the restraints upon the captain's exercise of power are, upon the whole, sufficient, as established by the laws. Nay, even after his disgust and horror at the flogging scene, the account of which we have quoted, he declares, with a variety of guards and explanations, that he would not wish to take the command of a ship to-morrow, "running my chance of a crew, as most masters must, and know, and have my crew know, that I could not, under any circumstances inflict even moderate chastisement." He does not see that any positive and definite enactments can meet all the difficulties of the captain's or of the seaman's condition. Their cases appear, in a great measure, to be left to their own care. As seamen improve, punishment will become less necessary; and as the character of officers is raised, they will be less ready to inflict; and still more the infliction of it upon intelligent and respectable men will be an enormity which will not be tolerated by public opinion, or by juries, who are the pulse of the body politic. The author speaks with hearty commendation of certain efforts now making in American sea-ports, by the establishment of Bethels and of Sailors' Homes. The distribution of Bibles and tracts into cabins and forecastles does much good. A still greater gain is made whenever, by means of a captain who is interested in the eternal welfare of those under him, there can be secured the performance of regular religious exercises, and the exertion on the side of religion of that mighty influence which a captain possesses for good, or for evil.

The Undergraduate suggests some improvements which might be made, he feels confident, by particular alterations in the merchant service. Some of these regard the modes of defending masters either in civil or criminal prosecutions; such as the practice of making strong appeals to juries, or to judges, for a lenient sentence, on the grounds merely of previous good character, of their being poor, &c. There might be something done too for the benefit of all parties, if more attention was paid to the selecting of men as seamen, and also as masters; if there was more thought bestowed on the provisions given to crews, and other points in a ship's economy. But after all, our author's pages leave upon the mind the impression that much cannot be immediately done, or in a direct manner; but that most important benefits would result to seamen were the community to take a proper interest in their moral and

physical welfare. And his earnest, able, and touching narrative will surely awaken sympathies so much to be desired. We also hope and trust that he has struck out a new department of narrative literature; for there must be many seamen in the maritime service of England, as well as that of America, that have the ability and cherish the principles that may enable them to follow honourably in the wake of the Undergraduate.

ART. VI.

1. Sephardim; or the History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal. By JAMES FINN. Rivington.

2. The Remnant Found; or the place of Israel's Hiding discovered. By the REV. JACOB SAMUEL, Missionary. Hatchard.

A VARIETY of circumstances concur at this moment to give an extraordinary interest to the history and condition of the children of Israel, whether they be the descendants of the Ten Tribes, or of Judah and Benjamin, who more particularly pass under the general designation, Jews. The consanguinity, the brotherhood, of all the races of the human family, every one with all the others, however diversified their complexions, habitations, and pursuits, however opposed their religious creeds may be, is a principle that is coming into practical recognition; so that those who have been for many centuries the most despised people on the face of the earth, are beginning to be regardad, if not as fellow-citizens entitled to equal rights with all, in the more enlightened nations of Europe, yet as being in a condition that is anomalous. The discussions and the lights to which the perception of this fact leads the reflecting mind, cannot but result in rational and beneficial changes. Again, Christian enterprize and missionary efforts, if not yet followed by many triumphs over prejudice and ignorance of the most inveterate forms, must be pioneering the truth, and widening the avenues to its free access. Parallel or contemporary with these Gentile feelings and exertions, the Jews themselves are not merely awakening to a manly sense of their rights, but in many places are demonstrating by their intelligence and liberality, the justice and necessity of placing them on an equal footing in secular and civil matters with their favoured fellow-citizens. Then, along with all this internal stir, there have of late been, according to the testimony of creditable travellers, and even by the movements amongst the British Jews, an unusual earnestness of their longing eyes towards Palestine; as if some great deliverance were near, some fulfilment of prophecy in their behalf,-such as the repossession of the Holy Land, its perpetual occupancy, and their exaltation among mankind as God's own people. Nor must we forget to mention that

the recent importance which the East has assumed in the politics of Europe, and the rapid changes that have taken place, or the commotions that have been produced in Syria aad in other countries most strangely and solemnly associated in our minds in relation to the children of Israel, have co-operated to render that people, wherever scattered, or supposed to be located and hidden, an object of universal solicitude and curiosity. If any proof be required to corroborate our views relative to the attention that has been awakened about the descendants of Jacob, we have only to refer to the unnsual number of books which have appeared concerning them and the discussions for and against their character and religious rites which have been recently held in many publications. We have selected on the present occasion two of the works which belong to the class alluded to; and now proceed to convey some idea of their purpose and contents.

"The History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal," is a compilation, but apparently a careful one, and done by a person who can so digest a mass of information derived from a variety of sources, as to impart to it a character as if of one mind warmly interested in the subject of his book. His opening observatious introduce us to that subject clearly and succinctly. He says:

"Of the two large bodies of European Jews the Ashkenazim from Germany and Poland, and the Sephardim of Spanish and Portuguese descent, it is well known that during our middle ages the latter were the more eminent in wealth, literature, and general importance. To this fact we find frequent allusions in historical works, though only in cursory or compressed remarks. And from the nature of their circumstances such an effect must have followed. The Mediterranean for merchandise, the abundant agricultural produce and the metallic riches of Spain, offered advantages unknown to the eastern side of the Continent; while the steady prevalence and uniformity of the Romish system among the nations of the West allowed to the Jews a more familiar intercourse with a variety of settled property and of civil institutions, than the Ashkenazim could obtain amid the tumultuary fortunes and the barbarism of Teutonic and Slavonic tribes at the same epoch. Moreover, their early and afterwards diversified cultivation of literature and science raised them to a positive standing in the intelligence of Europe, so high, that it has been said, 'We have never yet repaid our debt of grateful acknowledgment to the illustrious Hebrew schools of Cordova, Seville, and Granada.' The general histories of modern Jews have treated of them, as one people per se, without adequate consideration of how differently must have been modified the Judaism of Granada in the twelfth century, or of Castile in the fourteenth century, from that of the same period amid the ferocity and unlettered ignorance of Poland and Muscovy. In Spain this people acquired a degree of nationality not found in other countries, and this again assumed peculiar diversities of circumstance under the three great ascendencies of the Goths, the Arabs, and the inquisition."