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ed, and which I beg leave to describe in the words of the Edinburgh Review,* lest it be imagined that it is a difference perceptible only to oculi interni." To their ability in the art of war, the French have joined considerable glory in literature, in the fine arts, and much ingenuity, but hardly any of those things which denote or constitute dignity of intellect, or energy of character, or vast and comprehensive capacities; in short, they are deficient in most of the features which the large pencil of history would paint as exalted. In painting true and general nature, in delineating great features of mind, and strong emotions of the soul, they cannot be compared to us, because they have imperfect original of these things before their eyes." Some of these peculiarities are referable to the particular combination of faculties already mentioned, but the general effect is to be attributed to a smaller size of the brain, as a whole, than is found in England. It is general size alone, joined to a favourable combination, which gives a commanding power and energy to the mind, and fixes the attention and makes an indelible impression on the minds of others; and it is in such cases that every tone seems to an inferior mind the natural accent of command. In our own profession, Gregory was an excellent instance of this effect of size, and Abernethy is another. The French have not this quality. They have greater activity of brain; they work more cleverly, and go over a great deal of matter in a very pleasing manner and in a short time; but there is no overpowering sense of greatness to weigh down the hearer, or make him feel his inferiority. Such are a few of the distinguishing features of the French and English characters, and such is the explanation of them afforded by Phrenology: it is for you to judge how far it is sound or satisfactory.†

Having now shewn as clearly as my own abilities and the narrow limits of an essay would admit, that Phrenology has a real foundation in nature, and that it does afford a

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Edinburgh Review, 1821, p. 176.

+ I need scarcely add, that although the development here stated as characteristic of the French, is the result of numerous observations made both in the capital and provinces, on the dead as well as on the living, I do not, by any means, lay it down as ascertained. The shades of some of the organs may be different, but I believe the outline will be found correct. The subject is too extensive for one individual.

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satisfactory explanation of the moral and intellectual nature of man, I will scarcely be asked of what use or importance it can be to the medical man to be acquainted with its doc-¦ trines. For when we consider our almost total ignorance of the nature of insanity, and the assistance to be derived in our future inquiries from a knowledge of the primitive mental faculties and of the organs by which they act, in enabling us to distinguish what is merely symptomatic from what is essential, and in enabling us to conduct the moral as well as the medical treatment on the soundest principles, we cannot look without a feeling of admiration on the labours of the two distinguished men who have done so much to fill up one of the greatest deficiencies which ever existed in medical and philosophical science. This is only one of its numerous and beautiful applications. In every branch of knowledge in which man is the object of our inquiries, its uses are infinite, because it furnishes the only sound! principles upon which we can with safety proceed to educate, to enlighten, or to legislate. I have already trespassed too long on the time of the Society to admit of my saying more, by way either of illustration, of obviating objections, or of proving its utility. The objections I must leave to the debate, and have now only to apologize once more for the length to which this essay has run, for the time which I have consumed, and for the imperfect way in which I have treated the subject, which, indeed, is by far too extensive to be judged of or comprised in an essay, even had my powers been equal to my wishes. If I have succeeded in stating the question so as to elicit a full and candid discussion of its merits, and to incite to observation those who are still unacquainted with it, my object has been completely attained. I now, therefore, leave the essay, with all its faults, to the indulgent consideration of my fellow-members.

INDEX.

ACQUISITIVENESS, illustration of, 37.
Actor, sources of the talent of an, 20, 98.

Alderson, Dr, case of morbid excitement of the organ of Number, reported by, 157.

Alexandre, Mons., a ventriloquist, 22.

Allan's pictures, 115.

Apollo Belvidere, proportions of the, 132.

Apparitions explained, 54. See Spectral Illusions.

Aristotle's philosophy, 280. His opinions of the functions of differ

ent parts of the brain, 298.

Arithmetical tuition at Mr Wood's sessional school, 221.

Armorial bearings, phrenological remarks on the mottos of, 268.

Bacon's Ideality strong, 74. His bust, 114.

Barbarians, eloquence of, 183.

Bashfulness analyzed, 350.

Brain, its shape discoverable by inspecting the skull, 4, 131. Its influence on digestion, 254. Historical notice of early opinions respecting its functions, 298. Plurality of the cerebral organs illustrated, 322. Powerful minds of persons with large brains, 292, 353. Bridewell, Glasgow, 209.

Brougham, Lord, eloquence of, 196.

Brown, Dr Thomas, quoted on the ignorance of anatomists concerning the uses of the different parts of the brain, 310.

Brutes deficient in the reflective faculties, 232.

Burke, Edmund, his eloquence, 193.

Burke, Master Joseph, a juvenile actor, 112.

Busts, ancient, 113.

Causality, 232, 358, 347.

Cautiousness, illustrations of, 38, 348. Its organ the seat of hypochondriasis, 261.

Cerebellum small in childhood, 324.

Chalmers, Dr, his eloquence, 198. Quoted on the opposition at first made to the Newtonian philosophy, 291.

Character, comparative influence of nature and circumstances in the formation of, 47, 95, note, 331. Opposite phases of, in the same individual, 294. Natural differences of character, individual and national, explained by differences of brain, 334, 344. Chatham, Lord, his eloquence, 192.

Children, temperament of, 135. Size of their heads, 168. Succes

sive development of their faculties, 322. Small size of their cerebellum, 324.

Christianity a promoter of civilization, 191.

Cicero, analysis of his eloquence, 188.
Circassian head, 116.

Clever practical men, estimate of their authority in the profounder
and more abstract departments of science, 232, 258.
Combativeness powerful in Dr Johnson, 341.

Combe, Dr Andrew, papers by, 125, 143, 205, 244, 276, 317.

Combe, George, papers by, 1, 47, 69, 96, 113, 152, 209, 232, 266, 272, 279, 298, 311.

Conscientiousness, 98.

Constructiveness, illustrations of, 37, 43, 276, 327.

Convicts, Mr Deville's examination of heads of, 140.

Criminals, treatment of, 209. To be regarded as patients, 210. Punishment of, 212. Tendency to crime can be removed only by removing its cause, 214.

Cromwell, observations on the character of, 292.

Cullen, Dr, quoted on hypochondriasis, 252; on the connexion of the mind and the brain, 309.

Cuvier quoted on the relation between the intelligence of animals and the size of their cerebral lobes, 336, note.

Dancing, 238,

Darwin, Dr, on ideas, 309.

Deaf and dumb dancing, 238.

Demosthenes, how cured of stammering, 150. Estimate of his eloquence, 186.

Derangement, mental, case of, with gradual diminution of the size of the head, 152. Takes place only when organs are diseased, 246. See Insanity.

Descartes on the seat of the soul, 307.

Destructiveness, illustrations of, 35, 86, 341.

Deville, Mr James, his examination of the heads of 148 convicts, 140. Dialogue between a philosopher of the old school and a phrenologist, 1.

Digestion, influence of the brain on, 254.

Diseases to which different temperaments predispose, 136.
Dissection does not reveal vital functions, 2.

Dolce, Ludovico, mapped head given by, 303.

Dreaming, phenomena of, indicate a plurality of cerebral organs,

332.

Education, how far influential in the formation of character, 51, 95, note, 331. Ought to be modified according to the temperament of the child, 208. Method of, at the Edinburgh Sessional School. 215. Explanatory method of, 216. Individuality too much neglected in, 219. Lessons on objects, 220. Infant schools, ib. Instruction in history and arithmetic, 221. Whether emulation is a useful stimulant in, 222. Qualifications of a successful teacher, 230. Phrenology applied to the education of a youth, 272. On the advantages of, 311. An educated and uneducated mind compar ed, 312.

Elliotson, Dr, case where dispositions were inferred by him from a skull, 117.

Eloquence, phrenological analysis of, 178. Defined, 181. Of sava

ges and harbarians, 183; of the Greeks, 184; Romans, 188; British senate, 192; the pulpit, 197.

Emulation, its merits as a stimulant in education discussed, 222. England, size of heads in different parts of, 161. English and French character and brain compared, 346.

Equilibrium, power of, deranged, 58, 64.
Experiment, phrenological, 117.

Faculties, perceptive and reflective, distinguished, 332, 258. Effects of old age on the faculties, 235. Their successive development in youth, 322.

Female head and character, 324.

Fine arts, phrenology applied to criticism in the, 113.

Firmness strong in the English, 351.

French and English character and brain compared, 346. Vanity of the French, 349. Their heads smaller than those of the English, 353.

Gall, Dr, his discovery of phrenology, 310, 319.

Garbutt, a ventriloquist, 21.

General, requisites of a. 207.

Genius usually partial, 325. A gift of nature, 326. Peculiarities of, explained, 330.

Ghosts explained, 54. See Spectral Illusions.

Glasgow Bridewell, 209.

Gordon, Bernard, his opinions of the functions of different parts of the brain, 298.

Grecian eloquence, 184.

Happiness, 86, 313, 342.

Hartley quoted on the connexion of the mind with the brain, 308. Hats, different sizes of, in different countries and provinces, and ranks of society, 158, 170. Hatters' measurement explained, 160. Head, size of, in different countries and provinces, 158, 170. Does its size increase or decrease after the period of maturity? 168. Size of heads of children, ib. Impressive and powerful minds of persons with large heads, 292, 353. Male and female heads compared, 324.

Hindoos, their character and cerebral development, 345.

Historical notice of early opinions respecting the functions of the brain, 298.

History, talent for writing, 347.

Hubard, Master, a juvenile artist, case of, 41.

Hunter, Dr John, curious derangement of his mind, 64.

Hypochondriasis, on the seat and nature of, 244. An affection of the brain, 246; but more particularly of the organ of Cautiousness, 261. Method of cure, 263.

Ideality, 72, 74.

Idiocy, partial, a proof of the plurality of cerebral organs, 333.
Imitation, faculty of, necessary to ventriloquists, 30, 104.

Individuality too much neglected in education, 219.

Infant schools, 220.

Infidelity compatible with strong Veneration, 82.

Insanity, its phenomena destructive of many philosophical tenets, 333, note. Partial, 334. See Derangement.

Irish head, size of the, 165.

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