exert his own powers on a similar emergency, Nay, if another herd encroach upon them, he struggles for victory with the leader, to evince. his own superiority and the superiority of his herd. Moreover, to abstain from hostility with men, and yet, with powers that qualify for sovereignty and preeminence over the irrational creation, to admit the controul of higher natures; and with strength and spirit and ferocity, that disdain subordination, to acquiesce in the guidance of rationality and intelligence; such docility how can we hesitate to regard, as a precept and document for a judicious sovereign? as an admonition, to repose his title to supremacy on a superiority of accomplishments to his fellow-men, which is the just and natural investiture of monarchy: to preserve the mass of his subjects by provident consultations for their welfare, and, if occasion require, by fighting in their defence, and preserving them from savage and lawless tyrants to contend with the monarchs of other nations for the prize of virtue, and to extend a dominion, if it be possible, over other nations, without limit, for the promotion of their happiness; but under a dutiful submission to the Gods, as careful shepherds, and an honourable deference to those better and more happy natures, from a conviction of their uncontroulable and supreme authority exhibiting himself as the first and

most precious property of the first and greatest Sovereign, and, in the next degree, his subjects (c).

As prudent shepherds, whenever a bull of wild and ferocious temper rules with præternatural licentiousness, despising and abusing his own herd, and recedes himself before a plotting enemy, whilst he exposes the feeble multitude in the front of danger; and, without reason for severity, indulges an audacious insolence, at one time bellowing in an accent shrill and menacing, at another, goring with his pointed horns an unopposing subject, from an ostentatious display of strength on the feeble and pacific, not suffering the general herd to pasture in tranquillity through alarm and apprehension of him: in a case like this, the owners and the herdsmen have usually removed the leader from his authority and place, as an unfit and inexpedient conductor of the herd; but him, who is gentle to the heifers in his train, spirited and fearless to beasts of prey, respectable and dignified, with ability to secure and direct the herd, compliant and obedient to the herdsmen ;-him, I say, they leave unmolested in his station even to extreme old-age, though his vigour and his activity be no more: exactly in the same manner, the Deities also and Jove, the great King of Kings, in his capa

city of guardian and common father to men and Gods, whatever ruler among mankind becomes violent, unjust and lawless, not exerting his superiour strength against enemies, but against friends and subjects; insatiable of pleasures, unsatisfied with wealth, prompt of suspicion, implacable in resentment, quick to calumnies, unpersuadable by reasons, crafty, insidious, mean, self-willed, an aggrandiser of the vicious, envying the good, not susceptible of instruction, regarding no man as sufficiently respectable to be his friend, and friendless in reality-such a king Jove displaces and discards with disgrace and contumely; as derogatory to the royal dignity, nor worthy to participate with himself the honour and the name of Sovereign. Upon these principles, I presume, proceeded his treatment of Phalaris, Apollodorus (d), and many others of the same character with them: whereas, the manly and philanthropic prince, well-disposed to his subjects, anxiously contending for the palm of excellence with the most meritorious of mankind, a reformer of injustice, an assistant of the feeble, a reverential votary of Virtue,-He conducts, for the most part, to a good old age (e) as we collect from the instances of Cyrus, and Deioces the Mede, Agathyrsus the Scythian, and Leucon, with many of the Spartan kings, and several of the earlier Egyptian

monarchs (f). If, however, the irresistible urgency of fate should accelerate their dissolution, He at least vouchsafes them a good memorial and an eternity of benediction from the whole human race as he immortalised Hercules, said Alexander in conclusion; Hercules, our progenitor, and reputed the son of Jupiter for his eminence in virtue.

Philip was delighted with this discourse. It is not, says he, for nothing, that we set so high a value upon Aristotle, and have indulged him with the reestablishment of Stagira, his native city. For the man certainly deserves both great and many favours, if he instill, whether by his expositions of Homer's poetry, or through any other vehicle of instruction, such precepts into you on the subject of KINGLY GOVERNMENT (g).

DIOGENES,

OR

ON ARBITRARY GOVERNMENT.

WHEN Diogenes of Sinope fled from his

native country into Greece (a), he lived sometimes at Corinth, and sometimes at Athens, in imitation, as he jocularly said, of the Persian king; for he also during winter resided at Babylon, at Susa, or among the Bactrians, in the most temperate latitudes of Asia; but spent his summer at Ecbatana in Media, where the atmosphere is always cool, and of a temperature in the warmest months like that of Babylon in the coldest. After this example our philosopher accommodated his residence to the change of seasons: for Attica has no mountains of any magnitude, nor is pervaded, like Thes saly and Peloponnesus, by running streams; with a light atmosphere and loomy soil, so that rain seldom falls, and the waters are absorbed : and the whole country is almost encompassed by the sea; whence indeed it derived it's