the rough hand of a Conqueror rather than with the true Spirit of a Law. ful Sovereign, and not so much to extend the protection and Benefit of His English Laws to His new subjects, by securing their Lives, Liberty's and propertys with more certainty than in former times, as to impose new, unnecessary and arbitrary Rules, especially in the Titles to Land, and in the modes of Descent, Alienation and Settlement, which tend to confound and subvert rights, instead of supporting them. 1st To the first of these Evils the Order made by your Lordships on the 15th of November last founded on the Report of the Lords Commissioners of Trades and Plantations, requiring the Governor and Commander in Chief of the province (by an additional Instruction) to Publish an Ordinance for admitting Canadian Jurors, in the several cases therein express'd, and for permitting Canadian, Advocates, Attorneys, and Proctors, under proper regulations, provides an adequate Remedy. 2d To the Second Evil the Lords Commissioners of Trade and plantations by their Report, have apply'd themselves with great Care, ability and Judgement to suggest Remedys, by pointing out the defects in the late Ordinance of Sept'r, 1764, and reforming the Constitution of Justice; We concur with their Lordships in the objections made to the Ordinance; And upon the several articles of the Plan laid down in that report, the following observations Occur to Us, both for the Comfirmation and Improvement of them. 1st The first Article proposes a Court of Chancery consisting of the Gov'r and Council, who shall also be a Court of Appeals, from whom an appeal will lie to the King in Council; By this Article the Lords of Trade very rightly mean to Invest the Gov'r and Council with Two different Jurisdictions; The One as a Court of Equity, to give relief originally in that Capacity the other as a Court of Errors, to review in the second Instance the Judgments of the Court of Common Law, mentioned in the next Article. 2d The Second Article proposes a Superior Court of Ordinary Jurisdiction, uniting all the proper powers in Criminal and Civil Cases and matters of Revenue, in this Court, it is recommended that a Chief Justice should preside, Assisted by three puisne Judges; These are required to be conversant in the French Language, and that one of them particularly should be knowing in the French usages. This proposition appears to us well conceiv'd, and we submit to your Lordships, whether it may not be adviseable, that they should be instructed to confer sometimes with the Canadian Lawyers most respected for Learning, Integrity and Conduct, who may prove of the greatest assistance to English Judges. Competent Salarys for the Encouragement of Able and Worthy men seem absolutely necessary in this Establishment, with a due distinction between the Chief Justice and his Brethen. The new Judge of Vice Admiralty for America has appointments of £800 per Annum. 3d The Third Article relates to Terms for the sitting of the Superior Court at Quebec, either according to the terms appointed at Westminster, or as may be more convenient. This matter must be accomodated to the Seasons, Climate and Convenience of the people in their Tillage and other General employments, therefore it seems proper to be left to the future Judgement of the Gov'r, Chief Justice and Principal servants of the Crown, entrusted with the Government of the province and ought to be fix'd by Ordinance. 4th The Fourth Article proposes four Sessions of Assize, Oyer and Terminer and Goal Delivery at Quebec, with like special Commissions, once or oftener in the year at Trois Rivieres and Montreal. We submit to your Lordships, that it may be unnecessary to lay down any particular Rules for holding four Sessions in the manner mentioned at Quebec; because all Civil and Criminal Causes arising in that District may be tried at Bar in Term time, or (as the legal Expression is) in Bank by Order of the Judges, or under the General powers of the Supreme Court, As to the 1 See No. XI. Circuit Courts to be held once, or perhaps twice in the year (which seems better) at Trois Rivieres and Montreal. We think, that it may be proper to require that the Judges shall continue in each of those places, at the least, for a Certain Number of Days to give time and opportunity for the resort of partys and the convenient dispatch of Business, in like manner as was done by Henry the 8th in establishing the Courts of Great Sessions for Wales, and by the Parliament in his late Majesty's Reign, when the Circuit Courts were settled for Scotland. 5th The Fifth Article recommends the Distribution of the province into three Countys or Districts, of which, Quebec, Montreal and Trois Rivieres shall be the three Capital Towns, and that an Annual Sheriff shall be named for each. We are humbly of opinion that this Distribution of the province is more natural and convenient than the plan lately followed by the Govcrnor and Council, and it will be more agreeable to the People, as it is conformable to their Antient Division of the Country. But considering the difficulty of procuring English and protestant sheriffs, especially at Trois Rivieres (where at present only Two persons who are half pay Officers reside thus qualified) it may deserve consideration whether such Sheriff should not serve longer than one year, till such time as the gradual increase of Inhabitants may facilitate an Annual Rotation; or whether the Annual Sheriff of Quebec may not also serve that office for Trois Rivieres. This will oblige him, to appoint two Deputys or under Sheriffs, that is one for each District. And if this method be taken, the Sheriff may be made an Annual Officer, because Quebec can afford sufficient number of proper persons to supply the Rotation, and Montreal (it is agreed) Can do the like. 6th The Sixth Article proposes to give the Justices of the Peace in the three several Districts, at their General Quarter Sessions, Power to determine finally all causes not exceeding the value of Ten Pounds (the Title to Lands not being in Question) with a Jury where it exceeds Five Pounds and without one where it falls under that sum, it gives also to Two Justices in Petty Sessions, similar Authority in Similar cases, where the value of the matter in dispute is not more than Forty Shillings. The latter Authority appears to us well proposed; but we submit, whether it may not be better to reserve the Jurisdiction in matters exceeding that value as far as Ten pounds to be determined in Quebec, By proceeding in nature of the Civil Bill in Ireland before the Judges of the Superior Court, or by proceeding in nature of the summary Bench; Actions at Barbadoes, and in like manner in the Circuit Courts at Trois Rivieres and Montreal twice in the year; The value of Ten pounds is considerable in such a Colony and the reputation of the Justices of Peace is, as yet scarce enough establish'd for such a Jurisdiction; Under this Article We beg leave to suggest that in the Commission of the Peace for each District it may be useful and popular and endear his Majesty's Government to his new Subjects; if one or Two Canadians should be appointed Justices, with the others who are British, particularly if Protestants can be found fit for that Office. 7th The seventh and last point mentioned in the Report of the Lords of Trade, on which we shall observe, is that Article, wherein they propose, that in all cases where Rights and Claims are founded on events prior to the Conquest of Canada the several Courts shall be Govern'd in their proceedings, by French usages and customs which have heretofore prevailed in respect to such property. This proposition is undoubtly right, as far as it goes, in respect of Cases which happen'd, antecedent to the Conquest; but we beg leave to take occasion from hence, to enlarge a little on this subject of the Rule of Judgment to be observed in the Courts of Quebec as it is of the greatest moment to the honor and Justice of the Crown, and to the peace and prosperity of the Province. a There is not a Maxim of the Common Law more certain than that Conquer'd people retain their antient Customs till the Conqueror shall de clare New Laws. To change at once the Laws and manners of a settled Country must be attended with hardship and Violence; and therefore wise Conquerers having provided for the Security of their Dominion, proceed gently and indulge their Conquer'd subjects in all local Customs which are in their own nature indifferent, and which have been received as rules of property or have obtained the force of Laws. It is the more material that this policy be persued in Canada; because it is a great and antient Colony long settled and much Cultivated, by French Subjects, who now inhabit it to the number of Eighty or one hundred thousand. Therefore we are humbly of opinion, that the Judges to be employed by his Majesty in this province will answer all the ends of their trust, both as to the King and to the people, if their conduct in Judicature be modell'd by the following General Rules. 1st First in all personal actions grounded upon Debts, promises, Contracts and Agreements, whether of a Mercantile or other nature, and upon wrongs proper to be compensated in damages, to reflect that the substantial maxims of Law and Justice are every where the same. The modes of proceeding and Trial, and perhaps in some degree also the strict Rules of Evidence may vary, but the Judges in the province of Quebec cannot materially err, either against the Laws of England, or the antient Customs of Canada; if in such Cases they look to those substantial maxims. 2d Secondly in all suits or Actions relating to Titles of Land, the Descent, Alienation, Settlements and incumbrances to Real property, We are humbly of opinion, that it would be oppressive to disturb without much and wise deliberation and the Aid of Laws hereafter to be enacted in the province the local Customs and Usages now prevailing there; to introduce at one Stroke the English Law of Real Estates, with English modes of Conveyancing Rules of Descent and Construction of Deeds, must occasion infinite confusion and Injustice. British Subjects who purchase Lands there, may and ought to conform to the fix'd local Rules of Property in Canada, as they do in particular parts of the Realm, or in other Dominions of the Crown. The English Judges sent from hence may soon instruct themselves by the assistance of Canadian Lawyers and intelligent Persons in such Rules, and may Judge by the Customs of Canada, as your Lordships do in Causes from Jersey by the Custom of Normandy; It seems reasonable also, that the rules for the Distribution of personal property Cases of Intestacy and the modes of assigning and Conveying. It should be adhered too for the present. 3d Thirdly in all suits entertained before the Gov'r and Council, as a Court of Chancery or Equity, it is obvious, that the General Rules of Law and Justice must be the same as in the other Courts, according to the subject matter of the suit with this difference only, that the relief is more compleat and specific, and adapted to supply the Defects, or allay the Rigor of those Rules. 4th Fourthly in Criminal Cases, whether they be Capital Offences or Misdemeanors, it is highly fitting (as far as may be) that the Laws of England be adapted in the Discription and Quality of the offence itself, the manner of proceeding to charge the party to Bail or detain him. The Certainty, the Lenity of the English Administration of Justice and te Benefits of this Constitution will be more peculiarly and essentially felt by his Majesty's Canadian Subjects, in matters of Crown Law, which touch the Life, Liberty and Property of the Subject, than in the conformof his Courts to the English Rules of Real and Personal Estates. This Certainty and this Lenity are the Benefits intended by his Maty's Royal proclamation, so far as concerns Judicature. These are revocably Granted and ought to be secured to his Canadian subjects, acording to his Royal Word. For this purpose it may not be improper upon te appointment of a new Gov'r with a new Commission revised and Consider'd by your Lordships, to direct that Governor to publish an explanatory proclamation in the Province, to quiet the minds of the People as to the true meaning of the Royal proclamation of Oct'r, 1763, in Respect to their local Customs and usages, more especially in Titles of Land and Cases of Real Property. 5th Fifthly in Rules of process and the Practice of the Courts. We beg leave to suggest, that it may be expedient to order the new Chief Justice', with the assistance of the other Judges, to be appointed and the Attorney General' of Quebec to consider, and prepare a suitable Plan adapted to the Jurisdiction of the different Courts, and the convenience of the Suitors. The Forms of proceeding out to be simple easy and as summary and expeditious as may consist with the advancement of right and the protection of Innocence, useful hints may be taken not only from the supreme Courts of Westminster, but from the practice of the Courts in Wales, and from many of the Colonys. Some time will be necessary, before such a plan can be framed and experience alone can perfect it. As soon as they shall have prepared it, the Governor and Council may enact it by an Ordinance and transmit the same in the accustomed manner, to be laid before his Majesty for his Royal approbation. All which is humbly submitted, &c. April 14th, 1766. ΧΙ C. YORKE. WM. DE GREY. ORDINANCE OF 1766 [Trans. Shortt and Doughty.] An ORDINANCE, To alter and amend an Ordinance of His Excel lency the Governor and His Majesty's Council of this Province, passed the Seventeenth Day of September, 1764. Whereas by an Ordinance of His Excellency the Governor and His Majesty's Council of this Province, made and passed the Seventeenth Day of September, 1764, Intitled, An Ordinance for regulating and establishing the Courts of Judicature in this Province; His Majesty has most graciously been pleased to signify His Royal Will and Pleasure therein, by an additional Instruction to His said Excellency the Governor, "That the Welfare "and Happiness of His loving Subjects in this Province, which will ever be "Objects of His Royal Care and Attention, do require that the said Ordin"ance should be altered and amended in several Provisions of it, which "tend to restrain His Canadian Subjects in those Privileges they are in"tituled to enjoy in common with his natural born Subjects:" And therefore it is His further Royal Will and Pleasure, That it should be declared, And by His Honour the President of His Majesty's Council by & with the Advice, Consent & Assistance of His Majesty's Council of this Province, and by the Authority of the same, It is hereby Ordained and Declared, That all His Majesty's Subjects in the said Province of Quebec, without Distinction, are intituled to be impannelled, and to sit and act as Jurors, in all Causes civil and criminal cognizable by any of the Courts or Judicatures within the said Province. And for the more equal and impartial Distribution of Justice, Be it further Ordained and Declared, by the Authority aforesaid, That in all civil Causes or Actions between British born Subjects and British born Subjects, the Juries in such Causes or Actions are to be composed of British born Subjects only; And that in all Causes or Actions between Canadians and Canadians, the Juries are to be composed of Canadians only; And that in all Causes or Actions between British born Subjects and Canadians, the Juries are to be composed of an equal Number of each, if 1i.e. William Hey. For his commission, see below, No. XIII. 2i.e. Francis Maseres, who was appointed Attorney-General for Quebec in March. 1766. it be required by either of the Parties in any of the above mentioned Instances. And be it further Ordained and Declared, by the Authority aforesaid, That His Majesty's Canadian Subjects shall and are hereby permitted and allowed, to practise as Barristers, Advocates, Attornies and Proctors, in all or any of the Courts within the said Province, under such Regulations as shall be prescribed by the said Courts respectively for Persons in general under those Descriptions. And be it further Ordained and Declared, by the Authority aforesaid, That this Ordinance shall continue in Force until His Majesty's Pleasure be further known herein; and that so much of the said Ordinance of the said Seventeenth of September, 1764, as is not hereby altered and changed, shall and is hereby declared to be temporary only. GIVEN by the Honorable PAULUS AEMILIUS IRVING, Esq.; President of His Majesty's Council, Commander in Chief of this Province. and Lieutenant-Colonel of His Majesty's Army, at the Castle of Saint Lewis, in the City of Quebec, this 1st Day of July, in the Sixth Year of His Majesty's Reign, and in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Sixty-six. P. AEMIS. IRVING. XII CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EXPEDIENCY OF PROCURING AN Upon these reasons we may conclude', that the exercise of the Catholic religion cannot, consistently with the laws of Great Britain, be tolerated in the province of Quebec. Yet that it should be tolerated is surely very reasonable, and to be wished by all lovers of peace and justice and liberty of conscience. By what authority then shall it be tolerated? This is the only question that remains. Shall the King alone undertake to tolerate it? Will it be adviseable that he should exercise, though for so good an end, a power of dispensing with the laws? Will it not give room to a thousand censures and odious reflections and comparisons? The authority of Parliament seems to be a much safer foundation to establish this measure upon, in a manner which neither the new English inhabitants of the province can Contest, nor the French Catholics suspect to be inadequate. The next great difficulty that occurs, is the settlement of the laws, by which the province of Quebec is for the future to be governed. The law upon this subject seems to be this; 1st, That the laws of the conquered continue in force till the will of the conqueror is declared to the contrary; this follows from the necessity of the case, since otherwise the conquered provinces would be governed by no laws at all. 2dly, That after the declaration of the will of the conqueror, the conquered are to be governed by such laws as the conqueror shall think fit to impose, whether those are the old laws by which they have been governed before, or the laws by which the conquerors are governed themselves, or partly one, and partly the other, or a new set of laws different from both. 3dly, That by the conqueror is to be understood the conquering nation, that is, in the present case, the British nation; that consequently by the will of the conqueror is to be understood the will of the British nation, which in all matters relating 1Maseres argued that certain unrepealed Statutes (e.g., The Elizabethan Act of Supremacy) complicated the religious situation in Canada. 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