estantism shows plainly that it is capable of meaning a good many different things. All the Bible is of equal authority to a man consistently Orthodox: therefore he does not feel compelled to construct his Christian system entirely, or even mainly, out of the actual history and teaching of Jesus. And, as a matter of fact, the larger part of the material is found in the words of Paul.

But now we come to a third position. Many Orthodox writers and preachers-with perhaps a questionable consistency-and all "Liberal Christians" have come to the point of saying that the highest and only ultimate authority in this matter is Jesus himself. They say, "We will pass by the self-constituted interpreters and ushers, and press on to the inner court, and listen to what the Master himself has to say."

This latter position sounds logical and easy. It is certainly the one that seems most rational. If Jesus had any definite purpose, and tried to teach a particular thing, he probably not only knew what it was, but also gave utterance to it. If he knew anything that it was essential to man's welfare that man should know, and did not speak it, we may most certainly feel entitled to question his "good-will toward man." I think, then, that we may take it for granted that he said what he thought ought to be said.

The next question is, Can we find out what he really did say? To clear the way for an answer, a few things must be premised. 1. We know that the disciples misunderstood, and so misinterpreted, many things he said while he was with them. It is only natural to suppose that they did the same after his death. For example, Paul, our earliest witness,- for his letters were written before either of the "Gospels "— speaks of the possibility of his having been charged with baptizing in his own name. Of course this would have been simply absurd, had it been known as in Matt. xxviii., 19— that Jesus had left on authoritative record the regular church formula for that ordinance. Again, if the disciples had known that, in the same explicit manner, Jesus had commanded them to "disciple all nations," the early and bitter dispute as to the admission of the Gentiles to the Church could

by no possibility ever have arisen. then, we know cannot be correct.

Some parts of the record,

2. We must pass wholly by the so-called Gospel of John. We need not dogmatically deny the traditional authorship. But the fact that we cannot always tell whether it is "John" or Jesus who is speaking; and the furthur fact, that even Orthodox critics — like Prof. Robertson Smith and Dr. Edwin A. Abbott, in their articles in the last edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica —either doubt or deny the Johannine authorship, compel us to leave this book out of account when we are trying to be sure as to what Jesus really said.

3. The same Orthodox Prof. Smith,― together with almost all competent and unbiassed critics,-admits that even Mark, Matthew, and Luke, are only "unapostolic digests" of earlier traditions as to what Jesus was, did, and said. It is now pretty well settled that Mark is the oldest of the first three Gospels. The Encyclopedia Britannica's article of Dr. Abbott considers this conclusively proved. The reader is referred to his article (Gospels) for the method and force of that proof. And even Mark was not finished in its present shape for many years after the crucifixion.

4. Mark contains only twenty-eight verses not also contained in either Matthew or Luke. The problem of the relations of these three Gospels to each other is now explained by the existence of a more or less fixed and settled tradition that preceded the composition of either of them, and to which they all had access.

5. These three the synoptics, or the Gospels that see together – have a very large element, a tradition in common, beside the additions which are peculiar to each. This common element represents so much of the tradition as had already become so fixed that neither of the writers felt at liberty to change it. Each one added to this other things he had heard and considered true. But of course the threefold testimony has a weight of authority not possessed by either one alone. This common element — the triple tradition-is so large that a complete life of Jesus can be constructed by using only those words and phrases which all three of the synoptics use in common. The addition to this

triple tradition of parables and sayings not contained in it does not essentially alter the portrait.

Here, then, in the triple tradition, if anywhere, we shall be able to find traces of what Jesus really was and did and said. This takes us back as far, and as near to his person, as we can ever hope to go.

But now that we have got the triple tradition, what shall we do with it? How shall we treat it?

Many prominent preachers, teachers, and writers seem to suppose themselves at liberty to pick and choose as they please, like the magnet among the iron filings. They take what they like. They construct an ideal Jesus of their own, and give out a definition of Christianity in accordance with what their ideal Jesus said or ought to have said. But, if this method is valid, then there is no use of study or thought or criticism. It seems to me utterly irrational and unscientific. The surest means we have of knowing what Jesus taught is this triple tradition. If we cannot accept the testimony as to his teaching in one direction, I see not how we can in any other. We are shut up to one of two conclusions. Either he taught about himself and his kingdom what the triple tradition says he did, or else we must surrender the hope of ever finding out what he did teach.

If what Jesus taught may rightly claim to be called Christianity, by this method, and this alone, we may hope to find out what it is.

Our nearest approach to certainty is the triple tradition; that is, so much of the story as Mark, Matthew, and Luke all agree in telling. And we have no right to assume an ideal of Jesus, and make it a Procrustes bed to the dimensions of which the triple tradition itself must be violently conformed. We have no right to depart from it, except under the guidance of the two following principles: 1. If—as is sometimes the case - the text itself contains the unconscious betrayal of the fact that the disciples misunderstood and misinterpreted Jesus, then, of course, this indication may be followed to its natural conclusion; and 2. Since they would be more likely to remember and report accurately his teachings than they would the supposed facts of his life, we may place more reliance on what some one witness reports of his words

than we can on similar testimony as to asserted historical incidents. This latter point will be clear to any one who will reflect that deeds have a more natural tendency to grow than words have; and who will further remember that the writers, ascribing to Jesus the Messianic office, would naturally and inevitably translate any supposed prophecy into history.

I have extracted the triple tradition from the Gospels, and arranged it on the basis of Mark, and in his own words. This I have supplemented by the teachings of Jesus, gathered from Mark, Matthew, and Luke, but not contained in the triple tradition. And though I shall now deal exclusively with the triple tradition, let the reader remember that no well-authenticated saying of Jesus from any other source contradicts or invalidates the conclusions to be drawn from this. After I had arranged the triple tradition, I then went through it, point by point, and, following the order of Mark, made a careful analysis of the history, the teachings, and the character of Jesus. Then, grouping together the passages which bear on the same points, I made the following summary. The references are only to Mark; but the parallel passages in Matthew and Luke can easily be referred to.

SUMMARY OF THE TRIPLE TRADITION.

Parentage of Jesus.- His mother is Mary. His father is not mentioned. No genealogy: no tracing his lineage to David.

Birthplace.- Nazareth: no mention of any other. This is implied all through.

His Gospel.- This consists of two parts, which cover it all: 1. The immediate coming of the kingdom of God, so long expected. It is "at hand." Mark i., 15, and xiii., 30. 2. Repentance and moral goodness as the only conditions of citizenship in that kingdom.

The King.- Himself. Mark viii., 27-30.

Time of setting up the kingdom.- Before "this generation" passes. Mark xiii., 30.

Manner of its establishment. By his own miraculous appearance, with his angels, in the clouds. Mark xiii., 26, 27.

Signs of its coming.- Portents in earth and heaven. xiii., 2-25.

Duties of citizenship.— All moral goodness.

Mark

Rewards of citizenship.- All good things "in this present time" (with persecutions), and eternal life. Mark x., 28-30.

Social condition of citizens.-"As the angels": no marriage or family life. Mark xii., 25.

Location of kingdom.— On earth. No hint of any other.

Personal claims.- Not son of David, but is the Messiah; casts out demons; heals diseases, forgives sins, will die, will rise the third day, appear in the clouds with angels, and judge his enemies. Personal character.— Disregards old forms and Sabbath customs,— will “put new wine in new bottles"; chooses those who do God's will for friends and relatives; slights "signs," teaches childlikeness, calls God only good, contemns riches, teaches that service is the only true greatness, makes forgiveness the condition of forgiveness, teaches that love is all, condemns ostentation of piety, commends the little — widow's mite - if that is all one is able to do, and teaches absolute submission to God.

In the light of this analysis of the triple tradition, a few things are plain :—

1. Not a single point that is peculiar and distinctive in the Orthodox creed is here taught.

2. Jesus is purely human. There is no trace of any other than a natural birth; and there is no physical resurrection or ascension.

3. The miracles are less wonderful than many ascribed to the old prophets.

4. None of the outward rites, institutions, or priestly powers of the historic Church, are even foreshadowed. Indeed, since "the kingdom" was to be established during that generation, it becomes absurd to suppose that Jesus expected any such thing as the historic Church, with its rites and powers.

5. As to what Jesus' "Gospel" was becomes plainly apparent. He announced as "good news" that the "kingdom," so long expected, was "at hand." Of the two elements composing his gospel, one was illusion, and the other eternal truth. His Messi