729. a. 48. wardmotes, meetings of the voters of a small district.

55. Palaver, Parliament, which literally means 'talking-place.'

b. 24. Pococurantism, carelessness, inattention. 25. Beau Brummelism, dandyism.

27. Byronism, sentimental egotism. Dead Sea, in Palestine, on the site of the once flourishing 'cities of the plain.'

30. Sabbath-day, of witches and apes.

730. a. 16. lion-soirées, evening entertainments given for the exhibition of social lions' or notabilities. 27. dispiritments, discouragements.

40. Histrios, actors.

47. Quackhood, quackery.

54. ninth-parts of men, tailors.

b. 5. succedanea, substitutes.

36. Bobus Higgins, Sausage-maker on the great scale . . . with his cash-accounts and larders dropping fatness, with his respectabilities, warm garnitures, and pony-chaise,' is Carlyle's incarnation of commercial success.

--

47. Friend Prudence. 'Prudence keeps a thousand workmen; has striven in all ways to attach them to him; has provided conversational soirées; play-grounds, bands of music for the young ones; went even "the length of buying them a drum "; all which has turned out to be an excellent investment. For a certain person, marked here by a black stroke, whom we shall name Blank, living over the way he also keeps somewhere about a thousand men; but has done none of these things for them, nor any other thing, except due payment of the wages by supply-and-demand. Blank's workers are perpetually getting into mutiny, into broils and coils: every six months, we suppose, Blank has a strike; every one month, every day and every hour, they are fretting and obstructing the shortsighted Blank, pilfering from him, wasting and idling for him, omitting and committing for him. "I would not," says Friend Prudence, "exchange my workers for his with seven thousand pounds to boot."'

8. Law-ward, maintainer and keeper of Heaven's laws Carlyle's interpretation of the word 'lord.' Its true origin is, however, hlaf-weard, loaf-ward or keeper of bread, as that of lady' is hlaf-dige, kneader of bread. Cf. 725. b. 21.

731. a. 23. flunky-species, people with the ideas of footmen.

Chactaw, Indian, heathen.

48. my Transcendental friends. Carlyle was in correspondence with two of the New England Transcendentalists - Ralph Waldo Emerson and George Ripley. The latter defined Transcendentalists as people who 'believe in an order of truth that transcends the sphere of the external senses. Their leading idea is the supremacy of mind over matter. Hence they maintain that the truth of religion does not depend on tradition or historical facts, but has an unswerving witness in the soul.’ As may be gathered from the text, Carlyle was not altogether in sympathy with his Transcendental admirers. He wrote to Emerson in 1842: You seem to me in danger of dividing yourselves from the

Fact of this present Universe, in which alone, ugly as as it is, can I find any anchorage, and soaring away after Ideas, Beliefs, Revelations, and such likeinto perilous altitudes, as I think.'

52. Demiurgusships, Lordships. The Demiurgus is in the Platonic philosophy the Maker of the world. It means literally one who works for the people,' and in some Greek states was the title of a magistrate.

56. Chronos, in Greek mythology Kronos, the ruler of heaven and earth until his son Zeus (Latin Jupiter or Jove) drove him from the throne. Odin, the All-father of Norse mythology, the same as the Old English Woden, whose name is preserved in 'Wednesday.'

57. St. Olaf, who early in the eleventh century converted Norway to Christianity. the Dollar, etc. The promised change in American ideals was prob ably suggested to Carlyle by Emerson, who wrote to him from Concord on Oct. 30, 1840: 'We are all a little wild here with numberless projects of social reform. Not a reading man but has a draft of a new Community in his waistcoat pocket. I am gently mad myself, and am resolved to live cleanly. George Ripley is talking up a colony of agriculturists and scholars, with whom he threatens to take the field and the book. One man renounces the use of animal food; and another of coin; and another of domestic hired service; and another of the state; and on the whole we have a commendable share of reason and hope.'

b. 2. Socinian from two Italian theologians of the sixteenth century named Socinus, who did not believe that Christ was God. Emerson and Ripley had both resigned their charges as Unitarian ministers.

5. retire into the fields, etc. Carlyle here refers to the Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education, which Emerson mentions in the passage quoted above. Emerson, though in sympathy with the enterprise, took no active part in it. The leader was George Ripley, and another active member. John S. Dwight, had also been a Unitarian minister. The Farm was managed on a system of 'brotherly co-operation,' and no one was paid more than a dollar a day; provision was made for edu cational courses of an advanced character, but after a year or two it was found that the income did not meet the expenditure. Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the original members of the community, and has left an account of his experiences in The Blithe dale Romance.

20. Exeter Hall, the meeting place of various Evangelical societies every May. It is in the Strand and has since been bought by the Y. M. C. A.

22. Puseyism, from Pusey, an Oxford professor and one of the leaders of the High Church move ment which was attracting public attention about this time.

32. why will, why not shall, expressing determination on the part of the speaker. 732. a. 11. Long-acre, a London street where carriages were sold. A witness in a famous trial in 1823 had described a certain person as ' respectable,' and when asked why, answered, he always

kept a gig.' This furnished Carlyle with a text on which he was never tired of preaching against the superficiality of current standards of worth. 14. Simulacrum (Latin), image.

18. Ilion, Troy; Latium, the country about Rome, scenes of the Iliad and the Eneid. Mayfair, a fashionable part of London, east of Hyde Park; so called from a Fair formerly held there in the month of May.

23. Phrygians, inhabitants of Asia Minor, Trojans.

24. jötuns, a supernatural race of giants in Scandinavian mythology. The heroism of the future will consist in overcoming the forces of nature and the evil passions of the heart of man. 30. Fribbles, triflers.

'bush,' preserve game.

See 727. a. 38, note.

35. the Subtle Fowler, Destiny.

42. with beards on their chins, grown men, no longer children.

b. 24. Brindley (1716-72), engineer of the Bridgewater and Grand Trunk Canals.

25. Goethe, for the last hundred years, by far the notablest of all Literary Men.'- Heroes and Hero Worship. Odin, celebrated by Carlyle in his lecture on The Hero as Divinity.' Arkwright (1732-92), inventor of cotton spinning machinery.

35. Bath-garter. The orders of the Garter and the Bath are among the highest honors conferred by the English sovereign. Carlyle confuses the two, for the purpose of expressing contempt for such decorations regarded as claims to respect.

36. George, the jewel which forms part of the insignia of the Order of the Garter.

43. Duke of Weimar. Carlyle had written in the previous chapter: 'A modern Duke of Weimar, not a god he either, but a human duke, levied, as I reckon, in rents and taxes and all incomings whatsoever, less than several of our English Dukes do in rent alone. The Duke of Weimar, with these incomings, had to govern, judge, defend, everyway administer his Dukedom. He does all this as few others did: and he improves lands besides all this, makes river-embankments, maintains not soldiers only but Universities and Institutions;- and in his Court were these four men: Wieland, Herder, Schiller, Goethe. I reckon that this one Duke of Weimar did more for the Culture of his Nation than all the English Dukes and Duces now extant, or that were extant since Henry the Eighth gave them the Church Lands to eat, have done for theirs!'

This is a stanza

47. The Future hides in it, etc. from Goethe's poem 'Symbolum,' introductory to the series entitled 'Loge.' Carlyle had given a translation of the whole poem earlier in Past and Present (end of Bk. III). He now recalls it as the final thought he wishes to impress upon the minds of his readers.

735. a. 18. Teniers (1582-1649), the great Dutch realist painter.

29. Titian (1477-1576), the leading artist of the Venetian school.

30. Turner (1775-1851), the greatest of English landscape painters and Ruskin's particular favorite. See introductory biography, 733. 4.

49. Fleet Street, a great London thoroughfare, where many London publishers have offices. 54. classifying, dividing into classes.

b. 7. costermonger, peddler of apples ('costards') and other small fruits.

8. Newgate Calendar, a publication giving accounts of sensational crimes. Newgate is a London prison.

736. a. 4-6. Quoted from Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel, Canto 1. spring guns. Appliances

38. steel-traps used against poachers, but here allegorically signifying the armaments of modern nations.

54. Bedlam, the monastery of St. Mary of Bethlehem in London, later used as an asylum for the insane.

b. 13. Armstrongs, big guns manufactured by the great English firm of Armstrong.

19. black eagles of Austria. Ruskin means that the English let the great military nations alone.

52. Inigo Jones . . . Sir Christopher Wren, the great English architects of the seventeenth century. The former planned the royal palace of Whitehall in London, the latter St. Paul's Cathedral, both in the Italian style.

737. a. 50. This is none other than the house of God. See Genesis xxviii, 10-17.

b. 25. Thou, when thou prayest. See Matthew vi, 5-6.

49. Lares, Latin gods of the hearth, household gods.

738. a. 5. The Seven Lamps. See introductory biography, p. 733.

b. 48. Bosphorus, the strait dividing Europe from Asia. 739. a. 9. to the Jews. See 1 Corinthians i, 23.

b. 51. Tetzel, a seller of papal indulgences who provoked the indignation of Luther.

b. 55. bals masqués, masked balls. They were a feature of the French frivolity which preceded the Revolution and the guillotine.

740. a. 6. Revivalist, of classical architecture, as seen in the royal palace of Versailles, near Paris, and the papal palace of the Vatican at Rome.

17. sevenths of time, Sunday, one-seventh of the week.

38. Acropolis, the hill overlooking Athens; the site of the Parthenon and other Greek temples. 39. walls of Babylon . . monuments of antiquity.

12-13.

temple of Ephesus,

b. 23. affairs of exchange. See Matthew xxi,

THE LADY OF SHALOTT

This was probably Tennyson's earliest study from the Arthurian legend. It may be compared with his later embodiment of the story in Lancelot and Elaine.

5. Camelot. In Cornwall. The legendary seat of King Arthur's court.

9. Shalott. Malory's Astolat. According to Palgrave, this poem was suggested to Tennyson by an Italian romance upon the Donna di Scalotta. This would account for the form, Shalott.

748. 84. the golden Galaxy. The Milky Way.

107.' Tirra Lirra.' Tirelirer, in French, signifies to sing like a lark.

THE PALACE OF ART

The ethical burden of this poem has been well stated by Tennyson's friend, James Spedding. The poem 'represents allegorically the condition of a mind which, in the love of beauty and the triumphant consciousness of knowledge and intellectual supremacy, in the intense enjoyment of its own power and glory, has lost sight of its relation to man and God.'

750. 99. Saint Cecily. C-mpare 276. 138-47, and

note.

105. Uther's deeply-wounded son, King Arthur. See below, p. 758.

111. The wood-nymph, Egeria. The Ausonian king, Numa Pompilius.

115. Indian Cama. The Hindu god of love. 117. Europa. According to the Greek myth, Europa, sister of Cadmus, was carried to Crete by Zeus, who assumed the form of a white bull.

'Europa and the Bull' is the subject of a famous painting by Titian.

121. Ganymede, the cup-bearer of Zeus, who was conveyed to Olympus by an eagle.

137. the Ionian father, etc. Homer.

163. Verulam. Francis Bacon was created Baron Verulam in 1618. See pp. 187-199.

171-2. as morn from Memnon, etc. A colossus near Thebes, Egypt, was believed by the Greeks to represent this solar deity and to give forth a musi cal sound when reached by the rays of the rising

sun.

752. 219. Like Herod, etc. See Acts xii, 21-23. 226. The airy hand, etc. See Daniel v, 24-27.

A DREAM OF FAIR WOMEN 753. 2. The Legend of Good Women. For its place among Chaucer's works, see p. 4.

27. tortoise, the roof formed by the shields of soldiers held over their heads.

754. 87. a daughter of the gods, etc. Helen.

100. One that stood beside. Iphigenia, the daugh ter of Agamemnon. Part of the details are drawn from Aeschylus' Agamemnon, 225-49, and from Lu cretius' De Rerum Natura, I, 85-100.

122. Sudden I heard, etc. The description of Cleopatra is based chiefly on Shakspere's Antony and Cleopatra, though there are touches from Horace, Ode i.

755. 145. Canopus. One of the brightest of the first magnitude stars. It is not visible in our middle northern latitudes.

154. the other. Octavius Cæsar.

176. Then I heard, etc. Jephthah's daughter. See Judges xi.

756. 250. Rosamond. See 375. 95, note.

254. Eleanor, Henry II's queen. She is said to have slain Rosamond with her own hand or to have forced her to drink poison.

260. Fulvia. Antony's first wife. Cleopatra neans, You should have slain your rival.'

264. The captain of my dreams. The morning star, an allusion to 1. 3.

father's head.

265-6. her, who clasped Margaret Roper, the daughter of Sir Thomas More. is said to have rescued his head from London Bridge where it had been placed after his execution for high treason, and to have kept it until she died.

267-71. Or her who knew, etc. Eleanor, wife of Edward I, who saved his life by applying her lips to his wound after he had been stabbed with a poisoned dagger.

ST. AGNES EVE

See 640. 1, note.

OF OLD SAT FREEDOM ON THE HEIGHTS 758. 15. the triple forks. The trident of Neptune. symbolic of maritime supremacy.

SIR GALAHAD

25. When down the stormy crescent goes. After

a victory over the Saracen.

53. the leads. The roofs of lead.

84. Until I find the holy Grail. The sacred ves sel in which the blood of the Lord was caught as

he hung upon the Cross, was said to have been carried to Britain by Joseph of Arimathea. It was an object of quest among the knights of the Round Table, but only Galahad was pure enough to achieve it. See Tennyson's Holy Grail in The Idylls of the King and Malory's Morte d' Arthur.

A FAREWELL

759. The Tennysons left their old home at Somers. by in 1837. There are references to the incident and to the same brook in In Memoriam.

MORTE D'ARTHUR

For Malory's Morte d' Arthur, Bk. XXI, upon which this poem is based, see p. 21. The poem was afterward incorporated, with additions, into The Idylls of the King.

4. Lyonnesse. A mythical region, off the shores of Cornwall, now supposedly submerged by the sea. 15. The goodliest fellowship, etc. The Round Table.

21. Camelot. See 747. 5, note.

23. Merlin. The wise magician of Arthur's court. 31. samite, a kind of silk. 43. hest, behest, command.

760. 139. the northern morn. 140. isles of winter, icebergs.

761. 186. harness, armor.

Aurora borealis.

215. greaves, shin pieces. cuisses, thigh pieces. 762. 259. the island valley of Avilion. Tennyson's description is influenced by classical conceptions of the Fortunate Islands. See 763. 63, note.

ULYSSES

The germ of this poem is to be found in Dante's Inferno xxvi, 85-142.

2. these barren crags, the bleak island of Ithaca. 3. mete, measure.

10. the rainy Hyades. A part of the constellation Taurus, supposed to bring rain. Virgil's pluvias Hyadas.

763. 63. the Happy Isles. Vaguely thought of by the ancients as somewhere in the Atlantic off the west coast of Africa, perhaps the Cape Verde or the Canary Islands. Tennyson's description of Avilion borrows from classical sources. See 762. 259, ff.

LOCKSLEY HALL

Suggestions for this poem were derived from the Amriolkais, an Arabian poem translated by Sir William Jones. Works, Vol. IV, pp. 247-57.

8. Orion. A conspicuous constellation often mentioned by Tennyson.

9. the Pleiads. A group of stars in the constellation Taurus. A similar reference occurs in the Amriolkais.

765. 75. Comfort scorned of devils. The reference is to Paradise Lost, Books I and II, passim.

75-76. this is truth the poet sings, etc. Nessun maggior dolore, Che ricordarsi del tempo felice Nella miseria.- Dante, Inferno v, 121-3.

766. 155. Mahratta-battle. With the Mahrattas, a warlike and powerful Hindu people of mid-India, the British had a number of serious wars between 1750 and 1818.

392. the Breton Strand. The coast of Brittainy, in France.

777. 411. that of Lamech. I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt.' Genesis iv, 23.

456. O that 't were possible, etc. This section of the poem, in slightly different form, had been published in The Tribute, 1837. Tennyson's friend, Sir John Simeon, who greatly admired the verses, suggested that they needed some introduction to make them fully intelligible. Tennyson undertook to carry out the suggestion, and Maud was the result.

FRATER AVE ATQUE VALE

The refrain, Brother, hail and farewell,' is from Catullus's invocation at his brother's tomb. See Catullus, ci.

1. Desenzano

Sirmione. Villages on the Lago

di Garda, largest of the northern Italian lakes. 2. O venusta Sirmio [O Ancient Sirmio]. See Catullus xxxi.

8. Lydian laughter of the Garda Lake. See Catullus xxxi.

CROSSING THE BAR

Tennyson requested of his son that these verses should be placed at the close of all collections of his poems. They were written in his eighty-first year and came in a moment.'

784. 3. moaning of the bar. The poem was suggested by the popular superstition that the tide moans in going out, whenever a death has occurred.

15. my Pilot 'that Divine and Unseen who is always guiding us.' (Tennyson.)