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scriptural allegory is not closely adhered to and serves as a transparent veil for personal vituperation.

1. Jerusalem, London.

9. David, Charles II.

14. heathen, Roman Catholic.

20. Jewish rabbins, leading clergy of the Church of England.

269. 24. Plot, the Popish Plot, a Jesuit conspiracy, which if it ever existed, was greatly exaggerated for political purposes.

34. Egyptian, French. 35-37. This blasphemous sneer at the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation must have been regretted by Dryden after his conversion.

43. court and stews. The king was (justly) suspected of being a Roman Catholic; his mistresses were known to be; so was the Duke of York, his brother.

44. Hebrew priests, Church of England clergy

men.

46. God's anointed, the king. One of the reports circulated about the Popish Plot was that the conspirators had planned the assassination of Charles II and the placing of his brother, who was a Roman Catholic, on the throne.

57. threat, threaten.

66. Achitophel, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, formerly Lord Chancellor, at this time the leader of the party in favor of making the Duke of Monmouth the next heir to the throne and excluding the Duke of York as a Roman Catholic. 68. close, secret.

73. pigmy body. Shaftesbury was of small stature and his frame was enfeebled by disease.

78. boast his wit, show off his skill.

86. unfeathered two-legged thing. A humorous description of man ascribed to Plato. Shaftes bury's heir was a man of no ability and insig. nificant character.'

87. huddled, confused.

91. the triple bond, the Triple Alliance of England, Holland, and Sweden against France, made in 1668 and exceedingly popular in England. It was broken in 1670 without Shaftesbury's knowledge by Charles II, who made a secret treaty with the French king.

96-107. Added in the second edition, after Shaftesbury's acquittal.

104. abbethdin, president of the Jewish judicature. Shaftesbury was Lord Chancellor 1672-3. 270. 111. cockle, weed.

113. wanted, lacked. Dryden's compliment to himself as David, the sweet singer of Israel, is shameless, but true. His poem has proved mortal.'

120. manifest, convicted. A Latinism.

im

125. more he makes. The charge that Shaftesbury invented the Plot is absurd; but he undoubtedly used it for political purposes by fomenting pub lic agitation.

129. Jebusite. One of the stories current at the time was that the king himself had become a Roman Catholic. It is now known that it was true. 135. instinct. Accent on second syllable.

137. warlike Absalom, the favorite son of the

Biblical David, here signifying the Duke of Monmouth, Charles II's favorite son, though illegitimate. He had commanded an expedition sent to suppress a Scottish rising.

140. title not allowed. Monmouth's claim to the succession was barred by his illegitimacy.

143. democracy, then a form of government in disfavor. Dryden was so fond of this line that he repeated it in The Hind and the Panther (p. 273, 1. 211).

THE HIND AND THE PANTHER

In this religious and satirical allegory, which appeared two years after James II's accession and about a year after Dryden's conversion to Roman Catholicism, the milk-white Hind' stands for the Church of Rome; the Panther, fair but spotted, for the Church of England; and the less attractive beasts for the Puritan sects which were most bitterly opposed to Romanism.

6. Scythians, famous archers of antiquity. 8. doomed, sentenced, condemned.

11. obnoxious, liable to injury from.

13-16. The Roman martyrs in Great Britain since the Reformation.

35. Bear, the Independent, or modern Congregationalist.

37. Hare, Quaker.

39. Ape, Freethinker.

41. Lion, King of England.

271. 43. Boar, Anabaptist. The following lines refer to the excesses committed in connection with the Anabaptist rising in Germany in the sixteenth century.

53. Reynard, the Arian. Arius, one of the early heretics of the Christian Church, held that God the Son was not co-existent or co-equal with God the Father; this doctrine was combated by Athanasius and condemned at the Council of Nice.

55. Socinus, an Italian nobleman who revived Arian beliefs in the sixteenth century.

70. her, the Roman Church.

79. Three in One, the doctrine of the Trinity.
93. host, the consecrated wafer of the Eucharist.
95. Impassible, incapable of suffering.
96-9. See John xx, 19-26.

104. quarry, game, object of pursuit.
121. proponent, proposing, putting forth.

272. 128. bilanders, a Dutch word for small coasting vessels.

135. A reference to the Roman doctrine of tran substantiation.

139. His clearest words. This is my body.' See Luke xxii, 19.

144. compound, compromise.

152. Polonian, Polish. The Polish Protestants adopted Socinianism. See 11. 54-55.

153. Wolf, Presbyterian,

165. An allusion at once to the Presbyterian doc trine of predestination and the Puritan habit of cropping the hair close, which made the ears project.

168. ruled a while. During the Commonwealth. 171. Cambria, Wales. The wolf was exterminate 1 in Wales by the exaction of wolves' heads as tribute.

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This ode was written for a London musical society, which held an annual festival on Nov. 22, the day of St. Cecilia, reputed the inventor of the organ and the patron saint of music.

1. for Persia won, for the winning of Persia. 2. By Philip's warlike son, Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon, and the conqueror of Persia.

9. Thais, a famous Athenian courtesan who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and, according to the tradition which Dryden makes use of in this poem, induced him to fire the palace of Persepolis. 17. Timotheus, Alexander's favorite musician. 22. from, with.

275. 64. Darius, the Persian king whom Alexander had conquered.

83. Lydian, soft, sensuous.

113-4. rear- hair. Correctly rimed according to the pronunciation of the time.

276. 139. vocal frame, organ.

147. The tradition was that Cecilia, owing to her virtue and piety, was visited by an angel,

1 ESSAY OF DRAMATIC POESY

a. 1. that memorable day, June 3, 1665. b. 1. conduct, leadership.

2. his royal highness, the Duke of York, afterwards James II.

16. Eugenius, Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, who later became Earl of Dorset. Crites, Sir Robert Howard, Dryden's brother-in-law. Lisideius, Sir Charles Sedley. Neander, Dryden himself. 26. the bridge, London bridge.

278. 2. Sir John Suckling. See p. 179.

4. Mr. Waller. See p. 178.

5. Sir John Denham. See p. 181.

7. Mr. Cowley. See p. 183.

57. a genere et fine, a definition of class and object.

b. 16. Thespis (c. 540 B. C.), the somewhat fabulous inventor of Greek drama.

17. Aristophanes (448-c. 388 B. C.), the great Greek comic writer.

30. virtuosi, those skilled in the fine arts. 45. pretend, lay claim.

279. a. 25. want, lack.

37. remember, remind. b. 11. fable, plot.

280. a. 33. Corneille (1606-84), the great French dramatist, contemporary with Dryden.

b. 7. intended, aimed at.

36. wanted, fell short.

281. a. 1. Macrobius, c. beginning of fifth century A. D.

7. Tully, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.). 282. a. 25. lively, lifelike.

283. a. 35. Scaliger (Julius Cæsar), 1484-1558.
b. 33. inartificial, inartistic.
284. a. 15. shadow, palliate.

28. sock and buskin, the stage shoe of comedy and tragedy respectively.

57. the author, Ben Jonson.

b. 28. clenches, playing upon words.

41. Mr. Hales (1584-1656), Greek Professor at Oxford and Fellow of Eton College. 58. precedent, predecessor, model. 285. a. 4. censure, opinion.

27. apt, inclined.

b. 20. taxed, accused. 37. comply with, observe.

DEFOE: THE TRUE BORN ENGLISHMAN

This poem was a reply to an attack on William III and the Dutch nation, entitled The Foreigners. It was so successful in turning popular opinion in the king's favor that he had Defoe sent for to express his obligations to the writer. 286. 11-14. See Matthew xxviii, 19.

THE SHORTEST WAY WITH THE DIS-
SENTERS

The succession of Queen Anne in 1702 disappointed Defoe and his nonconformist friends, while it correspondingly encouraged the tory and high church party. The latter pressed for severe measures against the dissenters, who had been tolerated

under William III, and allowed to compromise by 'occasional conformity,' i.c., by going to church on official occasions and attending their own place of worship at other times. Defoe in his pamphlet endeavored to show the absurdity of the high church position by making extravagant claims on their be half, although he took occasion to aim a blow now and then at the inconsistency of his own side. The result was that he offended both parties, although for a while the high church clergy were so deceived that, according to Defoe, one of them wrote to him that next to the Holy Bible and Sacred Comments he held The Shortest Way with the Dissenters as the most valuable thing I can have. I look upon as the Only Method! and I pray God to put it into the heart of our most gracious Queen, to put what is there proposed in execution.'

287. b. 10. Sir Roger L'Estrange, a prolific pamphleteer, the founder in 1665 of the Gazette, the first English newspaper which has continued to appear regularly ever since. It is the official organ of the British Government.

22. some people, the Nonconformists.

33. fourteen years, from the Revolution of 1688 to

1702.

35. church, the Church of England.

37. sort, set, lot.

41. reproach of the wicked. Writing in the character of a high church clergyman, Defoe imitates Scripture phraseology.

288. a. 8. Act of Toleration (1689), relieving the nonconformists from penalties for not attending the services of the Church of England.

15. abjurations. The clergy were required to take an oath of fidelity to William III and abjure their allegiance to James. Many refused and were deprived of their livings.

28. a war. William engaged, with varying success, in a prolonged struggle against Louis XIV of France.

34. in France. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Huguenots were forced to conform or leave the country.

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52. Rye House Plot (1682-3), a conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and his brother James.

55. unusual favor. James was in favor of toleration to both Puritan and Roman Catholic dissenters; but the Puritans, suspecting that his designs were really directed to Roman Catholic supremacy, joined in the movement against him.

b. 20. a king of their own, William III. 31. Scotland. The Church of Scotland, with the consent of William III, abolished episcopacy, and has ever since been presbyterian in its form of gov.

ernment.

290. a. 32. the right heir. The high church Tories who had remained loyal to James II looked forward to putting his son on the throne at the death of

Anne. The Elector of Hanover, who became George I, was not in the direct line of succession.

34. ridiculous settlements. The act of Settlement, passed by Parliament in 1701, vested the succession in the House of Hanover.

48. French king. Louis XIV expelled 400,000 Huguenots.

b. 2. some animals, rats.

22. the common enemy, France.

291. a. 17. Monmouth, beheaded after the rebellion of 1685.

18. Shaftesbury, died in exile 1683. Argyle, head of a Scottish rising against James; executed 1685. 28. experimentally, as a result of experience. 56. impossible (if the dissenters are tolerated). b. 18-19. What will spoken for? See Song of Solomon viii, 8.

22. enthusiasm was associated with dissenters, and generally regarded with disfavor in the eighteenth century.

45. sensitive, of the senses, physical. these, the dissenters.

292. a. 24. Amalekite race. The enemies of Israel in Canaan. See i Samuel xv.

42. Moses-Israelites. See Exodus xxxii, 28 The number given there is, however, three thousand. 57. gallows instead of the counter, hanging instead of imprisonment.

58. counter, a city prison. galleys, enslavement to the oar in a galley.

b. 1. conventicle, a gathering of dissenters for worship.

5 sheriffs and mayors. It was the custom of dissenters to go to Church on their appointment to official positions, in accordance with the law.

34. hang men for trifles. Hanging was the punishment for stealing in England up to 1823. 293. b. 53. humor, spirit, influence. 294. a. 39. religious houses, convents, which were at this time illegal.

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40. meeting houses, for nonconformist worship.

PREFACE TO THE REVIEW

The Review, begun on Feb. 19, 1704, and published first once, then twice a week, for nine years gave Defoe scope for his talents as a journalist. The original title was A Review of the Affairs of France and of all Europe, as influenced by that Nation, France being at that time the center of European politics. Defoe discussed not only politics but trade and current gossip; he invented not only editorial comment, which was before unknown, but personal interviews, scandalous personalities, answers to correspondents, and many other features of the modern newspaper. The numbers of the Review were issued afterwards in annual volumes, and in this preface to Vol. I Defoe sets forth his motives and aims in the undertaking.

294. b. 42. the Wise Man, Solomon.

47. first design. See the original title, as given above.

295. a. 15. Marlborough, the great English general who defeated the French at Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704. The war continued for several years.

b. 24. negoce, commerce.

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'Seamen have a custom, when they meet a whale, to fling him out an empty tub by way of amusement, to divert him from laying violent hands upon the ship. the whale was interpreted to be Hobbes's Leviathan whence the wits of our age are said to borrow their weapons and it was decreed, that, in order to prevent these Leviathans from tossing and sporting with the Commonwealth they should be diverted from that game by a Tale of a Tub.' (Swift's Preface.) 300. a. 32. d'Argent, of wealth. de Grands Titres, of distinguished titles.

.

33. d'Orgueil, of pride.

49. Locket's, a famous ordinary, or tavern, at Charing Cross. Will's coffee-house. See below, 325. a. 34, note.

b. 24. grande monde, world of fashion. 37. Jupiter Capitolinus. From his temple on the Capitoline Hill, Rome.

301. a. 12. They held the universe to be a large suit of clothes, etc. Compare Carlyle's Sartor Re

sartus.

16. primum mobile. In the Ptolemaic cosmogony, the outer or tenth revolving sphere.

b. 21. ex traduce. From the root; from the original stock.

302. a. 32. shoulder-knots. This fashion had been introduced from France in the reign of Charles II. See Tatler, No. 82.

35. ruelles, private gatherings.

303. a. 38. nuncupatory and scriptory, verbal and written.

b. 23. my lord C and Sir J. W. have not been identified.

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305. a. 41. fonde, fund, stock, capital. 307. a. 1-3. Varias inducere ace, Ars Poetica, 11. 2 and 4. 312. b. 49. Newgate. The London prison for debtors and malefactors.

52. Exchange women. Women who kept shops in the piazzas of the Royal Exchange. For Steele's description, see p. 333.

54. the mobile, the mob. Latin, mobile vulgus. 314. a. 58. The philosopher's stone and the uni versal medicine. Sought by medieval alchemists and mystics.

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b. 16-17. an ancient temple bury plain. Probably Stonehenge. 316. a. 4. a disease the stinging of the tarantula. Tarantism, or dancing mania, was supposed to be so caused, and curable only by music or dancing.

a. 9. Westminster-hall, etc. Places noteworthy for their noises; Westminster Hall frequented by lawyers; Billingsgate famous for the bad language of its fish-wives; the Royal Exchange a center for brokers and merchants of all nations.

b. 7. janizary, a mercenary soldier in the bodyguard of the Sultan, in the middle ages. 318. b. 10. a spunging house. A tavern for the temporary detention of persons arrested for debt.

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b. 15. Inner Temple. One of the Inns of Court.

24. Aristotle, etc. The reference is to his Poetics. 25. Longinus. Greek Philosopher, third century A. D., to whom the essay, On Sublimity, is doubtfully ascribed.

26. Littleton or Coke. Sir Thomas Littleton (1402-1481) and Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634) were members of the Inner Temple (above, b. 15). A work of the first with commentary by the second used to be the English authority on the law of real property.

36. Demosthenes. The greatest Greek Orator (384-322 B. C.). Tully. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.), Roman orator and philosopher.

5-8. The Rose. A tavern adjoining Drury Lane Theater.

327. a. 6. the city of London. The central or business district is so called. Again below, 334. b. 11. 328. a. 10. Duke of Monmouth. The Absolom of Dryden's Absolom and Achitophel. See above, 268 329. a. 43. Sir Richard Blackmore (c. 1650-1729). Physician to William III, and a poet of repute in his day.

332. a. 29. Martial (Bk. I, 69), Latin poet, first century A. D.

b. 55. Strand Bridge. A landing pier at the foot of Strand Lane, giving access to the Strand. 333. a. 19. The Vainloves. Vainlove is 'a capricious lover' in Congreve's comedy, The Old Bachelor.

334. b. 1. Robin's. A coffee-house in Exchange Alley, frequented by brokers.

11. the city. See 327. a. 6, note.

ADDISON: THE SPECTATOR

336 b. 22 Child's. Coffee-house in St. Paul's Churchyard.

30. the Cocoa-tree. A chocolate-house frequented by tories as St. James's by whigs. The Spectator pretends to patronize both.

31-2. Drury Lane and the Haymarket. The two principal theaters of London. The Theater Royal in Drury Lane, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, had been opened in 1674. The Haymarket Opera House, designed and built by Sir John Van Brugh, had been opened in 1705.

36. Jonathan's. Coffee-house in Cornhill. The general mart for stock-jobbers.' (Tatler, No. 38.) 337. b. 8. Mr. Buckley's. Buckley was the pub. lisher.

9. Little Britain. A street in London.

341. a. 25. Moll White The witch described in Spectator, No. 117

342. a. 11. The Committee (1665). Comedy by Sir Robert Howard.

15. Distressed Mother. Adaptation, by Ambrose Philips, of Racine's Andromaque. Produced 1712. 24. The Mohocks. Some ruffianly carousers of the upper classes assumed this name. They committed a series of outrages in 1712.

345. b. 49. Mr. Cowley, etc. See Cowley's Davideis iii, 403-4.

26. Gallus, Caius Cornelius (c. 69-26). Roman poet and general.

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48. Petronius Arbiter. Roman satirical author. Died c 66 A. D.

Quintilian. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (c. 35c. 95 A. D.), Roman rhetorician.

49. Longinus. See 326. b. 25, note. 348. b. 1-2. Essay on Translated l'erse. By Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon (1634-85).

2-3. Essay on the Art of Poetry. By John Sheffield, Duke of Buckinghamshire (1649-1721). 47. The path of an arrow.' Wisdom of Solomon, V, 12-13. The quotation is inaccurate. 349. a. 47. Sir Cloudesley Shovel. Commander of the British fleets from 1705. Drowned 1707.

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270. Dennis stage. John Dennis, the critic and playwright, made sententious references to the dramatic precepts of Aristotle. This allusion and another, lines 585-591, initiated Pope's quarrel with him.

328. Fungoso. A character in Ben Jonson's Every Man Out of His Humour, who tries, without success, to keep up with court fashions. 355. 356. Alexandrine. The succeeding line is an example.

361. Denham. See p. 181 Waller. See p. 178. 372. Camilla. In Virgil's Aeneid vii, 808-11. 374-383. Compare Dryden's Alexander's Feast, p.

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