after the European manner, and partly officered by Europeans, chiefly French, were successively shipped from Alexandria, and landed in Candia or Rhodes. On the 24th February the first division, consisting of 7000 men, of the first expedition, was again embarked at Candia, and landed under the walls of Modon, where they encamped. Ibrahim, at the head of 800 men, at once advanced into the country, to the summit of the mountains which are in the rear of Navarino; and so struck were the inhabitants with terror by his presence, that they unhesitatingly delivered up their arms. A corps of Romeliots, who were stationed in the environs of the fortress, shunned an encounter by throwing themselves into it. Ibrahim, whose only object then was to reconnoitre, retired to his camp, where he waited the return of his fleet, which had been dispatched to Suda and Candia to convey across the rest of his army.

The Greek Government was at length terrified into a vigorous measure, which was the investing Conduriotis, the President of the Executive Council, with the supreme command of the whole troops in the Peloponnesus, and with all the powers which belonged to the Council itself. At the same time, Odyseus, by the nature of his movements, having afforded proofs of his having placed himself in treasonable communication with the Pacha of Negrepont, Gourras was directed by the Government instantly to reduce him to submission.

The first proceedings of Conduriotis, on receiving dictatorial powers, displayed considerable vigour. The troops engaged at the siege of Patras were recalled in great haste to the coast of Navarino, the garrison of which place now amounted to 2000 men, besides a corps of artillery; and provisions were collected from all parts of the Morea, to enable it to undergo

a lengthened siege. A considerable corps of Romeliots and Suliots was collected, at same time, under Tzavellas, Kara-Tasso, and Constantine Botzaris; and Conduriotis, having repaired to Tripolitza, along with Mauvrocordato, succeeded in reassembling a number of veteran soldiers, and brought into the field a force of about 3000. The whole of these different corps were stationed between Navarino and Modon; the extreme right being commanded by Tzavellas, the left by Constantine Botzaris, and the centre, consisting of Moreots, by a Hydriot of the name of Scurtza.

The Greek fleet, at this period, consisted of nearly 100 vessels, including fire-ships, and was divided into three squadrons; the first commanded by Sachtouris, which had gone to meet the Turkish fleet, had it ventured out of the Dardanelles; the second, under Miaoulis, which was employed in watching the Egyptian fleet at Suda; and the third was directed to cruise along the shores of Western Greece.

On the 19th April, at day-break, Ibrahim Pacha directed an attack to be made upon the two wings of the Greek army by his infantry and artillery, while he himself, at the head of his cavalry, charged its centre. The wings stood their ground with considerable firmness, but the centre, which had neglected all precautions, was speedily put to the rout. The corps of Botzaris was finally cut to pieces, and he himself escaped with the greatest difficulty. This defeat, which obliged the Greeks to abandon their positions, though it cost them only a few hundreds of men, had the most disastrous consequences. The ancient dissensions between the Romeliots and Moreots revived; and the former determined to retire from the country of the latter, and leave it to its fate. Conduriotis, unable to punish their defection, gave them a formal leave to

withdraw. One party retired to Livadia, where they joined Gourras, who was watching the movements of the Turks in that quarter; another crossed from the coast of the Gulf of Lepanto over to Missolonghi. From that time Conduriotis abandoned all thoughts of offensive movements, and confined himself to superintending the defence of Navarino.

On the 27th April, the Egyptian fleet, commanded by Hussim Bey, and amounting to upwards of ninety sail, including transports, sailed from Suda for Modon. It had on board 2500 troops, besides horses, provisions, and a great quantity of ammunition and artillery. It was soon observed by the Greek squadron under Miaoulis, who in vain tried to dispatch into the centre of it two fire-ships. Having doubled Cape Malaca, the Egyptians observed the Greeks making demonstrations of attack, and drew up in line; but a calm having occurred, the Greeks were prevented from approaching. On the morning of the 29th a cannonade commenced between the two fleets, when the Greeks had the misfortune to have two fire-ships and two brigs sunk; but that did not prevent their renewing the engagement in the evening, but without any decided success. The Egyptians then proceeded, without farther molestation, to Modon, in front of which the indefatigable Miaoulis arrived on the 3d of May, with the view of opposing the debarkation; but the superior artillery of the enemy compelled his fleet to move to a distance; and Ibrahim had the satisfaction of seeing the whole of his transports preserved.

He then prepared with spirit to attack the island of Sphactarie, which commands the entrance to the harbour of Modon. It was assailable only at one point on its western coast, which was defended by a battery of three guns and 200 men, commanded by

Anagnostara. This very small garrison was reinforced by 300 Arcadians and Hydriots, and a number of volunteers or Philhellenes, whom Mauvracordato succeeded in throwing into the island. Among the Philhellenes was the famous Piedmontese, Count Santa Rosa, who had the chief direction of the defence.

On the morning of the 8th May the Egyptian vessels of war took post between Navarino and the island, to oppose the squadron of Miaoulis, which was cruising within sight; and fifty boats succeeded in landing upon the island, where the battery was situated, 500 regular Arabian troops, commanded by the French Colonel Seves, who had assumed the name of Soliman Bey. The garrison withstood the attack with most determined courage, but were finally overpowered and cut to pieces. Among the slain were Anagnostara, Sakine, and Santa Rosa. The troops stationed at other points of the island were struck with terror, and made no resistance. The crews of the small Greek boats, which were in the port, partook of the general fright, and fled.

On the 11th, Ibrahim made a spirited attack upon the position of Old Navarino, and succeeded in making prisoners the Greek chief, HadgyChristo, and 180 men.

On the 13th, Admiral Miaoulis, taking advantage of a favourable wind, ran twenty-eight of his vessels be tween the islands of Cabrera and Sapienza and the main land, and succeeded in approaching the Egyptian fleet, which had been reinforced by, the arrival of the Algerine squadron. While one part of Miaoulis' fleet kept the enemy in check, six fire-ships were directed against his ships in the roads. One of them grappled with the Asia, a frigate of 54 which had been converted into a transport; two others came alongside of some

guns,

corvettes, which, with twenty transports, were instantly in a blaze. The fire continued five hours; and the wind wafting the flames across the town, it seemed as if the whole of the Egyptian magazines were to be reduced to ashes. However, Ibrahim succeeded in preserving them from the conflagration.

Glorious as this advantage was, it did not protract for an instant the downfall of Navarino. On the 18th, the garrison capitulated on these conditions, that they should surrender the place, with its whole artillery, ammunition, arms, and provisions; that they should deliver up their arms, but be allowed to carry away their personal baggage; and that they should be embarked on board English and Austrian vessels, and transported to Calamata, under the escort of the French corvette, L'Amaranthe. The commander of that corvette and of an Austrian galleot, who were present at the capitulation, undertook to see its conditions honourably fulfilled. The garrison of the place, at the time of its surrender, amounted to 1100 men. There were found within it by the enemy, forty-six cannons and six mortars, eleven hundred muskets, six hundred pistols, provisions for a month, and water for only four days.

On this occasion, Ibrahim affected moderation and generosity. Excepting that he retained of the garrison a son of Mavro Michalis and a Captain Yatrukos, as reprisals for the detention by the Greeks of two pachas taken prisoners at Tripolitza, contrary to the terms of the capitulation of that place, he faithfully observed the whole of the terms upon which Navarino had surrendered; he offered to the Greeks who had composed the garrison, service under his standard, which, how ever, they patriotically rejected; and even held out to them the prospect of partial independence to their country.

On the western coast the affairs of Greece presented an equally dismal aspect. Redschid Pacha, with an army of 25,000 men, chiefly Albanians, arrived on 27th April within sight of Missolonghi, having penetrated, without resistance, through the defiles which Macrynoras and Notos-Botzaris had been charged to defend. Having encamped his army in a grove of olives, he commenced that siege, which will be ever memorable in history.

After the downfall of Navarino, a remarkable revolution was operated in Greek politics. The soldiers in the Morea ascribed the whole of the national misfortunes to the incapacity of the president, or rather the new dictator, Conduriotis, and refused any longer to combat under his orders. In consequence of this disaffection, Conduriotis was constrained to quit the camp at Calamata, and returned to Hydra. The skeleton of a government which Greece still retained was, in the meantime, harassed by the demands made upon it by foreigners for indemnification of the losses they had sustained from Greek pirates; and equally embarrassed was it by the arrival from England and France of Philhellenic missionaries, bringing with them supplies of money and munitions of war, who, affecting diplomatic state and consequence, too officiously and authoritatively obtruded their advice on many occasions. The most prudent of these, perhaps, was the French general, Roche, who adhered to the instructions he had received, by attaching himself to neither party. In this crisis, there was a general disposition to reverse the victory which had been obtained by the moderate over the military party, by restoring the latter to political power; and the government accordingly entered into negotiations with those of the party who were under confinement; and, as the first step, reinstated Peter Mavro

Michalis in all his political rights.. After which, Colocotroni having engaged to bury all resentments in oblivion, and devote himself to the common good of the country, a general decree of amnesty was passed in favour of the whole who had been compromised in the late troubles. In consequence, Colocotroni, his son Theodore, and his associates, Delejani, Sissines, Londos, Zami, and others, were released, and entered Nauplia in triumph upon 30th May, amidst the acclamations of the troops and populace, The restored party then repaired to the church of St George, where they took an oath of fidelity to the nation; after which the Minister of War delivered a bombastic speech, prognosticating glorious results from Colocotroni and his son being placed at the head of the armies. It concluded by adjuring the whole soldiery, many of which had resumed their civil occupations, to march," in order to confound the fierce Egyptian, who had dared to pollute with his presence the illustrious soil of the Peloponnesus." The remainder of the day was spent in public rejoicings.

While this revolution was being transacted, Admiral Sachtouris obtained some brilliant but inconclusive advantages over the Turkish fleet, which had sailed from the Dardanelles, with the design, it was supposed, either of surprising Samos or Hydra, or of throwing troops into Negropont, for the invasion of Attica. Sachtouris' squadron having encountered this fleet near Cape Doro, succeeded in burning a ship, pierced for 64 guns, having, it was said, the treasury of the army on board, and forced the rest to put into Rhodes and elsewhere for repair.

About this time the government adopted a judicious measure that of establishing at Nauplia a commission for the adjudication of maritime prizes, and the punishment of piracy.

On land Colocotroni had succeeded, in the course of a few days, in collecting an army of about 4000 men; Pappa Flescia had thrown a garrison into Arcadia, a fortress situate upon the coast north of Navarino; and Mavro-Michalis occupied Maina with an army of partisans, with which he hoped to join Colocotroni, and operate upon the rear of the enemy.

After the capture of Navarino, Ibrahim Pacha divided his army into three columns; the first of which took up a position at Nesa; another was directed against the fortress of Arcadia; and another marched against Tripolitza, which it reached without encountering any obstacle but such as the nature of the ground presented. In his march to Tripolitza, Ibrahim, by promises of protection, endeavoured to prevail upon the peasants to remain in their villages; but the greater part of them, as much afraid of an Egyptian as of a Turkish army, betook themselves to the mountains upon his approach. He also offered to the chiefs an amnesty and military employment; but he could find no one base enough to abandon his allegiance to the cause of his country.

The second column of the Egyptians arrived at the fortress of Arcadia, which was gallantly defended by its small garrison. It inflicted considerable loss upon the Egyptians, by whose superior numbers, however, it was finally overpowered and put to the sword.

The other columns advanced upon Calamata; which town, in the face of 5000 Moreots, commanded by Mavro Michalis, they entered without any obstruction, after having ravaged the whole country upon their march. Colocotroni, who commanded a considerable body of irregular troops, determined now to resort to a mountain warfare, and withdrew to the district of Leondari, in the hope of arresting

the progress of the enemy. A great many skirmishes took place in the gorges of the mountain passes, by which the Egyptians seriously suffered; but, notwithstanding the able manœuvres of the Greek general, they overcame all opposition, and on 20th June entered Tripolitza.

Ibrahim, relying upon the terror which his name had inspired, determined to put an end to the war by a single blow, namely, the capture of Nauplia, the seat of government, which was very inadequately garrisoned. On 25th June, the heads of his columns appeared on the road to Nauplia, in front of Myli, a most important post for the Greeks, for there they had their mills and their depot of provisions. The place was defended by only 200 irregulars, commanded by Demetrius Ypsilanti; but these, upon the suggestion of General Roche, to whom the defence of Nauplia had been committed, were reinforced by a company of a newly raised regiment of voltigeurs, and 300 Greek sharp

shooters.

The enemy issued from the defile in front of Myli, in three divisions, and formed into platoons. They amounted to upwards of 6000 cavalry and infantry. After a long and obstínate contest, in which equal skill and bravery were displayed by the Greeks, the enemy was repulsed at all points, and retired by the road to Argos, after having sustained a heavy loss in killed and wounded.

Arrived upon the coast of Argos, Ibrahim Pacha was joined by 2000 men, who had arrived from Salona. At the same time 6000 troops, under the command of Omer Vrione, the new pacha of Salonica, having proceeded from Thessaly, pushed across the isthmus of Corinth, while the Capitan Pacha landed on the coast of Epidaurus 5000 Asiatics and Macedonians, who had been embarked at Constantinople

and Salonica. It was fully expected that, by the combined operations of all those troops, the Greeks, in a few weeks, would be wholly driven from the plains to the mountains.

But, on other points, the prospects of the enemy were less favourable. The Turks of Thessaly were repulsed, and in a manner surrounded within Salona, by Gourras and other Greek captains. The siege of Missolonghi made no progress, while the besiegers were allowed no rest by the Greeks of Acarnania and Etolia. And the Capitan Pacha, either from apprehension of danger, or in obedience to orders, declined all co-operation with the troops on land.

The army, under the immediate command of Ibrahim, which he had concentrated at Tripolitza, after sending detachments into the interior, to maintain his communications with the other captured forts, was constantly harassed by Colocotroni; and between the two armies a series of petty engagements took place, in which generally the Egyptians were victorious. On the 15th July, Colocotroni having drawn together the whole of his forces, some from a considerable distance, determined to attack Tricorpha, in the neighbourhood of Tripolitza, and then in possession of the Egyptians. In consequence, he directed Demetrius Coliopuli, with 2000 men, to occupy the position of Voltezy, which he did; and Canello and Pappazoni, with his own son, Gennaos, who had under him 3000 men, to guard the entrenchments. In the evening he was joined by 4000 men from Livadia, under Yzaimi and other officers, who took post at Scherpa. The engagement commenced by Generals Deligianni and Gennaos attempting to take up the necessary positions, some of which had already been occupied by the enemy. Coliopuli advanced from Voltezy to their assistance, but was driven back