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priest, he would be partial to the said priests; "if a religious man, to the religious; if a jesuit, "to the jesuits: that he should not be by faction a Spaniard, but a neutral; and above all, discreet. "The like counsel was also given him by Winde"banck; and it was a mark that it was the sense of "the king and state, because, being a laic, it "could not be said he was legate, or nunce of the pope; and so the heretics would not be so much "irritated, and particularly the puritans. Winde66 banck, who had been the first to motion this "reciprocal sending of agents, expressed an ex❝cessive joy, seeing it was determined; and foretold

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that, from such good beginnings of correspond"ence with the see apostolic, great good would "follow to England. Panzani answered that he hoped no less, having heard the final resolution "taken in this matter, on the vigil of St. Eleuthe"rius pope, who converted Lucius king of Brittany, "and of St. Augustine sent by St. Gregory to con"vert England.

The progress of this negotiation, we shall transcribe from Panzani's Memoirs in the Appendix*.

It appears that Panzani was succeeded in his mission to England by a monsignor Agretti. On the 12th of July 1669, the congregation de Propaganda Fide, held a particular assembly on the affairs of England; the cardinals Barberini, Albizi, Chigi, Azzolini, and monsignor Ubaldi,

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the secretary of the congregation, attended this assembly. Some instructions were delivered to Agretti, and the Relazioni or Report of Panzani was put into his hands*.

Humet, shortly mentions that for some years, Conn, a Scotchman, and afterwards Rosetti, am Italian, openly resided in London, and frequented the court as vested with a commission from the pope. In 1642, it was deemed advisable to discontinue altogether the intercourse with Rome.

CHAP. LVIII.

Vol. 1. c. 29. p. 360.

THE PURITANS.

LVIII. 1.

Vol. 1. c. 29. s. 1. p. 361.
The Origin of the Puritans.

* Archivium of the Propagandâ,-Libro delle congregationi particolari, degli anni 1668, 1669. "Mittatur eidem

"Relatio Panzani pro majore ipsius informatione."

+ Ch. liv. In the " Abstract of the Transactions relating to "the English secular Clergy, (p. 43)," it is briefly mentioned "that a design of count Rosetti to abrogate the dean and "chapter, was discovered; but that immediately a letter was "despatched to cardinal Barberini our protector, subscribed, "Antonius Champneus, capituli cleri secularis in Angliâ "decanus, with seven archdeacons, the sum whereof was to protest against the said design; and so no more was heard "about it."

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LVIII. 2.

Vol. I. c. 29. s. 2. p. 362.
1.

The principal points in difference, between the Church of
England, and the Puritans.

LVIII. 3.

Vol. 1. c. 29. s. 3. p. 366.

Division of the English Puritans, into Presbyterians, Independents and Baptists.

LVIII. 4.

Vol. 1. c. 29. s. 4. p. 368.
The Act of Uniformity.

LVIII. 5.

Vol. 1. c. 29. s. 5. p. 369.

The Court of High Commission.

LVIII. 6.

Vol. I. c. 29. s. 6. p. 372.

The Conference at Hampton Court.

CHAP. LIX.

THE PERSECUTION OF THE ENGLISH CATHOLICS DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES I.

We must now lead our readers from the pleasing, though unsuccessful attempts at conciliation, which we detailed in the preceding chapter, to the disgusting view of encreased severities. In one respect, the persecution, which we have now to relate, bore a new character. Those, which the catholics suffered in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Elizabeth, originated with the monarchs themselves, or with their ministers; that, which they suffered under Charles, was forced from him by the adversaries of his crown. In another respect also, it differed from the former; in the reign of Elizabeth, the cause of the catholics was connected, in the opinion both of the queen and her ministers, with the rival pretensions of Mary, with the sentence of excommunication and deposition pronounced by Pius V, and attempted to be executed by Philip II; and with the intrigues of some of the English exiles in Spain. All these causes continued, though in a fainter degree, to operate on the public mind throughout the reign of James. On the accession of Charles they subsided altogether; but soon after his accession, events took place, which, unfortunately for the catholics, connected them in the minds of many with circumstances very unfavourable

to them. The attachment of the monarch to his catholic queen, and the deference, which he was known to pay to her counsels, made the catholics general objects both of jealousy and alarm; while their known principles of loyalty irritated the popular party and its leaders against them. The prejudices against them on these accounts increased in proportion to the increase of the popular ferment. This rose at length to frenzy: meantime, the monarch, though both by nature and principle, averse from measures of cruelty or oppression, was often too easily persuaded to sacrifice the catholics, whenever his interest appeared to require it, to the fury of their enemies. This made their condition, during the greater part of his reign, truly deplorable: we shall consider it in this chapter.

Even in the first year of the reign of Charles, the parliament shewed an active zeal against the catholic religion, by a complaint, which the commons made against a doctor Montague, who had published a book, which occasionally made honourable mention of some doctrines of the catholic church, and even ventured so far as to assert, that the pope was not Antichrist*: they also shewed it, by a petition, which was presented by both houses of parliament, to his majesty, praying for the due execution of the

* It was intituled "An Appeal to Cæsar." The author of it had before incurred the displeasure of the archbishop of Canterbury and some other divines by a work intituled "A nice "Gag for an old Goose," in answer to a catholic work intituled "A Gag for the New Gospel."-See Parliamentary History vol. vi. p. 323.

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