THE CLASSICAL INFLUENCE IN ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND OTHER ESSAYS AND NOTES. By William Chislett, Jr. Boston: The Stratford Company, 1918,—xv, 150 pp. $1.50 net.

"Study not your compeers and fellow-toilers," said Goethe, "but great men of old; . . study Molière, Shakespeare, but always and before all the ancient Greeks." And the advice of our own Wordsworth was to the same effect: "Remember, first read the ancient classical authors; then come to us, and you will be able to judge for yourself which of us is worth reading." Greece, the spiritual mother-country of us all, whence the peoples of Europe drew their common civilization, not only originated the various types or departments of literature to which all subsequent writing conformed, but bequeathed to the nations that came after her a rich and unrivaled literature that was at the same time the model and the inspiration of later European literary work. To Shelley it was "a passion and an enjoyment," and "the sublime majesty of Aeschylus filled him with wonder and delight."

Greek literature had a profound influence upon English men of letters, upon Spenser, Ben Jonson, Milton, Gray, and others; English literature as a whole owes its greatest debt to antiquity. The classical influence upon Landor, Macaulay, Shelley, Wordsworth, Browning, Tennyson, Morris, Matthew Arnold, to mention only a few nineteenth century authors, has been investigated by scholars and set forth in separate publications. The results of these studies and of many others like them have been collected by Dr. Chislett and presented in an admirable way together with much of his own investigation, in the essay that holds the first place in this volume and gives it its title. While the influence of the ancient classics was dominant in the seventeeth and eighteenth centuries, the beginning of the nineteenth was marked by the romantic revolt against classicism, a revolt against symmetry, proportion, restraint, reason, simplicity, clearness, and good sense-the distinguishing characteristics of the Greek genius-in favor of emotion, sentimentalism, mysticism, sensationalism, and freedom from restraint. Yet every writer, ancient as well as modern, has elements of both classicism and romanticism, and of

realism too, in his work, no matter how strong his natural inclination toward one or the other may be. Dr. Chislett has set himself the task of estimating how much of classicism there is in each of twenty-five major writers, thirty novelists, and more than a hundred minor writers of the nineteenth century, which was preeminently a period of romanticism and realism; and it is needless to say that his work is to be commended. His conclusion is "that Greece and Rome did not die in the romantic, realistic nineteenth century nor are likely to in the unfathomed twentieth. Through philology, archaeology, interest in ancient philosophy, admiration for the graceful Greek tongue and the mosaic-like architectonic Latin, a use and not abuse of mythology, a very wide reading of ancient authors, major and minor, in the original and in translations, and finally through the vivifying of ancient life by travel and by prose and poetry embodying the ancient spirit, Greece and Rome have lived as never before, and bid fair to live while men and arts endure."

Of the remaining essays in this excellent little volume space will permit merely the mention of a few of the titles: "The Platonic Love of Walter Pater," "The New Hellenism of Oscar Wilde," "The New Christianity of William Blake," "William Vaughn Moody's Feeling for the Seventeenth Century," "The Work of Robert Bridges," "The Influence of Nonnus on Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Thomas Love Peacock and Walter Pater," and "The Major Note in Thomas Hardy." Some of these essays have already appeared in the magazines.

CHARLES W. PEPPLER.

CREATING CAPITAL. MONEY-MAKING AS AN AIM IN BUSINESS. By Frederick L. Lipman. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918,-72 pp. $.75 net.

HIGHER EDUCATION AND BUSINESS STANDARDS. By Willard Eugene Hotchkiss. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918,-109 pp. $1.00 net.

THE ETHICS OF CO-OPERATION. By James H. Tufts.
York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918,–73 pp.

Boston and New

$1.00 net.

These small volumes are lectures first delivered on the Weinstock foundation at the University of California to present the best thought of representative scholars and men of affairs upon "the various phases of the moral law in its bearing on business life under the new economic order."

Mr. Lipman's sane and prudent paper contains little that is new in thought or expression, but it can be commended for its clear and timely advocacy of thrift under circumstances when the creation of new capital to replace that destroyed by war is of pressing importance. More might have been made of the enjoyment of social esteem as one of the rewards to be gained by the saving and ownership of capital.

Professor Hotchkiss deals with the task of the universities in educating men for business. He brings to the discussion expert familiarity with the problems of modern business and includes many pages of illuminating criticism of methods that have prevailed in the past or that are in use at the present time. He places emphasis on the need of such university training as will give business men "a mastery of scientific method as a means of analyzing problems and synthesizing results." The importance in business "of an intelligent and sympathetic approach to problems of human relationship" is also fully recognized.

Professor Tufts's lecture is an able discussion of the respective parts played by "competition" and "co-operation" in business life. He analyzes the obstacles to co-operation and makes a plea for the further development of the co-operative spirit in domestic and international trade.

NOTES AND NEWS

That England is proceeding much more rapidly to embody democratic ideals into social legislation than many of our American states is one of the conclusions drawn by Dr. Edith Abbott in Democracy and Social Progress, the latest issue of the University of Chicago War Papers. Among the vast schemes of social amelioration undertaken by Liberal England during the decade that preceded the war, she mentions provision for the aged through old-age pensions; for the sick through an extensive scheme of national health insurance; for the unemployed through a national system of labor exchanges and insurance against unemployment; and for the underpaid, sweated workers by the establishment of minimum-wage boards. This social legislation has safeguarded also the children of the state by the prohibition of child labor; by a great national effort to prevent infant mortality, including birthregistration and the establishment of municipal milk depots; and by the provision of free meals and proper medical care for school children. The purpose of this "War Paper," Dr. Abbott says, is to review briefly some of the English legislation that has set standards in the democratic control of industry far in advance of our own and to show that England has quietly provided a much more adequate scheme of social insurance than Germany.

The untimely death on October 26th of Dr. Edward Kidder Graham, President since 1914 of the University of North Carolina, brought deep grief to the people of his native state. As one of the foremost educational leaders of the South, he commanded in a marked degree the esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens of all classes and affiliations. Though he was cut off in his prime, he had already accomplished much to carry out his cherished purpose to make university teachers and university training of greater service to the masses of the people. It seems probable that a contributing cause of his death was physical exhaustion brought on by the heavy burdens he had assumed in the educational emergency of war

time. Apart from the widespread recognition of his services as a scholar and an educator, he was endeared to all who made his acquaintance by the charm of his genial and sincere personality.

Students of Southern history will be gratified at the publication of "A Selected Bibliography and Syllabus of the History of the South, 1584-1876" by Professors William K. Boyd of Trinity College, and Robert P. Brooks of the University of Georgia. This work is published as the June, 1918, number of the "Bulletin of the University of Georgia." The authors have made a careful and discriminating examination of the sources for the study of Southern history and of the leading secondary authorities for the various states and for the whole South. The chapters of the syllyabus, with selected references, will be most helpful to teachers. Price $.75.

"With the Colors" is a volume of songs of the American service by Everard Jack Appleton. This is not “high-brow" verse but a collection of soldier songs with plenty of "punch" and "pep." As such it is breezy, vigorous, and full of patriotic spirit. There are also some pleasing miscellaneous poems “in other keys." Mr. Appleton's work is clever and enjoyable. Stewart and Kidd Company, Cincinnati. $1.00 net.

Delays caused by the influenza epidemic and by the emergencies of war-time make the October SOUTH ATLANTIC QUARTERLY some weeks late in coming from the press. This issue completes the seventeenth annual volume. With the cessation of hostilities in the Great War, the timely leading article, "Returning the Soldier to Civilian Life," should be of especial interest and value.