DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH

instruction were offered to graduates in medicine. The organization of the Medical School was, however, delayed until a special endowment should be secured, the amount of which was fixed by the trustees at not less than $500,000. This sum was gathered from various sources - more than $100,000 being collected by a committee of ladies in different parts of the country, and more than $300,000 being given by Miss Mary E. Garrett, of Balti

more.

The contributions of the women were made upon the condition that women should be received on the same terms as men. Two features of the policy announced excited apprehension in the minds of some well-wishers of the school, -the lengthening of the term of medical study to four years, and the establishment of an unprecedentedly high standard of admission. About the propriety of the first reform little difference of opinion could exist among well-informed persons, as speedily appeared in the similar action taken at Harvard, Columbia, and elsewhere. But it was not equally clear that the time was ripe for so great an advance in entrance requirements as was involved in demanding a degree of Bachelor of Arts

or of Science from an approved college or scientific school, and, in addition, evidence (a) of acquaintance with Latin, and of a good reading knowledge of French and German, and (b) of "such knowledge of physics, chemistry, and biology as is imparted by the regular minor courses (one-year courses) given in these subjects in this University." The provost of the University of Pennsylvania declared, as lately as 1892, that "if the four-year obligatory course in medicine which will soon be enforced at the leading schools of the country were to be associated with the requirement of the Bachelor of Arts degree for admission, there would not be a single institution that could stand the strain." Many persons feared that the lengthened residence and the rigorous admission standards would prove prohibitory, and that the students would be practically limited to those trained in the "PreliminaryMedical" course of the University.

But these fears were soon shown to be groundless. The larger opportunities and the stricter tests proved attractive to the best class of students. The school opened with 18 students, and the increase has been constant, the present number being 196, exclusive of a large number of physicians attending special courses. The methods of instruction are, in an unusual degree, practical and individual. "We have broken completely," says Dr. Welch, Dean of the School, in his report for 1898, "with the old idea that reading books and listening to lectures is an adequate training for those who are to assume the responsible duties of practitioners of medicine." The first two years of the course are devoted mainly to work - combined with demonstrations, recitations, and, when deemed necessary, lectures in the Laboratories of Anatomy, Physiology, Physiological Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pathology and Bacteriology. During the last two years the student is given abundant opportunity for the personal study of cases of disease, his time being spent largely in the hospital wards and dispensary and in the clinical laboratories.

The buildings of Johns Hopkins Uni

versity, though, as already stated, disappointing at first view, are seen, upon inspection, to be well adapted to their purposes. They include: an Administration Building, in which, besides the offices of the University Treasurer, are rooms for the Maryland State Weather Service and for the Maryland Geological Survey; four Laboratories- of Geology, Chemistry, Biology, and Physics, each thoroughly equipped; a Gymnasium, newly rebuilt and refurnished, provided with rooms for the social intercourse of students, and with an admirable covered court for athletic sports adjacent to it; Levering Hall, given by Mr. Eugene Levering, of Baltimore, for the use of the Young Men's Christian Association, containing a room in which daily religious services are held, a parlor where the books and periodicals of the Association are accessible, and a hall for lectures and public meetings; the various buildings of the Medical School, which adjoin the Hospital,- a mile or more from the other University buildings,- one of which, intended for laboratory work in Physiology and Pharmacology, has just been completed; McCoy Hall, the largest and costliest of the University structures,- due to the liberality of Mr. John W. McCoy, of Baltimore, who made the University his residuary legatee, which contains the offices of the President and the Trustees, a large assembly-room holding eight hundred to a thousand persons, under-graduate lecturerooms in ancient and modern languages, in history, philosophy, etc., seminaries and special libraries for advanced instruction in the various philological and historical departments, and on the fourth floor-approached by electric elevators - the general library and reading-room.

A few words ought to be said in regard to the library of the University. It is not large as compared with the great aggregations of books to be found at many institutions of learning and in some of our cities; it numbers about 90,000 bound volumes. But it is a choice and excellent collection which has been brought together with definite purposes and with much care, and it is administered with all possible liberality. It is well provided

with sets of journals, transactions of learned societies; encyclopædias, periodical literature in all languages and all departments of learning; and more than thirteen hundred periodicals are regularly received. The library of the Peabody Institute, containing more than 125,000 volumes, which is preeminently a scholar's library, is close at hand, and is practically as available for the uses of the students as if it were the property of the University. Taking into account the Enoch Pratt Library, the New Mercantile Library, and one or two special collections, it may be said that within a circle of half a mile's radius 500,000 volumes are accessible to students.

It must not be supposed that the Johns Hopkins University is exclusively a graduate school. Full provision was made from the first for collegiate instruction, and of the 3,500 persons who have been enrolled

PROFESSOR HENRY MILLS HURD

since 1876 nearly 1,500 have been undergraduates. It is through the college that the institution comes into most immediate relation to its local environment, a majority of the collegiate classes being residents of Baltimore and its vicinity. At most colleges and universities the younger element predominates; at the Johns Hopkins the younger and the older students

confine themselves, for the most part, to their seminaries and their literary and scientific associations, leaving the fraternities, the student publications, the athletic and musical organizations, chiefly in the hands of the younger men. The Johns Hopkins graduate students are certainly not open to criticism for over-indulgence in social diversions. A much needed provision for promoting acquaintance and good fellowship among them will be secured, it is hoped, through the carrying out of a plan, now under way, for organizing a club, somewhat on the model of one now merged in the University Club, of Baltimore, which gave much pleasure to its members a few years ago. A perusal of the annual publication bearing the somewhat startling title "The

Hullabaloo" shows that the undergraduates are sufficiently provided with the various organizations and interests characteristic of American colleges. There are a number of fraternities, each occupying its chapter-house. A fresh impetus has been given to athletic sports within the past year through the erection of a new gymnasium provided with an enclosed and covered space, or "cage," of unusually liberal dimensions, in which

running and other athletic exercises can be practised throughout the winter. In spite of the absence of dormitories, and the dispersion of the students over the wide area of a great city, the pleasurable features of American undergraduate life are realized in a very good degree.

Baltimore offers many attractions to a student. The cost of living is less than in any other large city of the United States. One accustomed to the extremes of North or of South finds a delightful change

"Here, where the climates meet

That each may make the other's lack complete

Where Florida's soft Favonian airs be

guile

The nipping North."

Opportunities are abundant of hearing choice music, of seeing famous actors, of listening to distinguished speakers. Churches of every denomination invite attendance. The charities and public institutions are full of interest. The national capital is so near at hand that one may easily become familiar with it. The most important advantage, however, is not to be sought in anything external; it is impalpable and indefinable; it is found in what may be called the genius loci. Twenty-five years of work such as this retrospect has outlined have produced a certain temper characteristic of the place a "self-perpetuating tradition" of strenuous devotion to high aims,-under the influence of which it is good to come; which, in the words of Cardinal Newman, "haunts the home where it has been born, and imbues and forms, more or less and one by one, every individual who is successively brought under its shadow."

BALTIMORE.

EDWARD H. GRIFFIN.

T

HE brilliancy for which several of the capitals of Europe have at one time or another been famous in history has unquestionably been contributed to, to a considerable extent, by the fêtes which were features of their social and official life. The transfer to this country of supremacy in the splendor of such achievements, without any sacrifice of our democratic principles, is therefore in some respects a rather surprising accomplishment.

The utilization of more nearly the full scope of the social and festal opportunities of our national capital has been an attainment of comparatively the past few years, and is directly traceable to the advent of a new type of personality in our high offices of state. The men who to-day come to Washington to assume positions of official prominence are, as a rule, not only equipped with intellectuality and a knowledge of public men and affairs, but are fortified as well with means which oblit

erate any problem as to the maintenance of all the pleasurable adjuncts which the occupancy of their positions might seem to necessitate.

A majority of all the presidents of the United States have been and will probably continue to be men of moderate means, but each successive administration during several decades has witnessed the entrance to the Cabinet and the upper house of Congress of an increasing number of men who are enabled to make their homes worthy settings for the brilliant assemblages for which so many opportunities are offered. This alteration in its inner life has not been without effect upon Washington, superficially considered. It has served as an incentive to the erection of more elaborate residences, and it has served as a stimulus to a friendly rivalry in interior decoration. It has been a helpful influence that would have proven beneficial to any city in America. In some cases the

The McKinley administration is very likely to go down in history as one whose moving spirits contributed liberally to the gaiety of Washington. Personality made an environment, and the environment quickly contributed an atmosphere in which the indulgence of the lighter phases of life blossomed as a hothouse rose, and as a welcome relief to the sombre cares of state.

No occupants of the White House since the Civil War have been comparable with President and Mrs. McKinley in the attention which they have given to their social duties. Many of the functions at the home of the chief executive and his wife have been little informal affairs, as, for

By a strange coincidence few of the men who have of late years occupied the vice-presidential chairs have cared much for social diversion, and the exception afforded by the family of Hon. Garret A. Hobart has therefore proven all the more noticeable. The presiding officer of the Senate, upon taking up his residence in Washington, rented a fine home on Vermont Avenue, almost facing the White House, and there is scarcely a night during the sessions of Congress when the Hobarts are not entertaining a coterie of friends. The walls throughout the entire house are covered with silks and satins, in which gold is the predominating color. A fondness is manifested for the dainty