for various reasons.' Nothing short of a positive order would have made him hesitate.
Public indignation was almost exclusively concentrated upon the terrible revelations associated with the breakdown of the medical organisation, and also upon the painful disclosures of the inefficient control of equipment and supply, and above all of river transport, by the Army Department of the Government of India. The case of Major Carter, an officer of the Indian Medical Service who had incurred much unmerited obloquy by his persistent efforts to call attention to the plight of the wounded, was pressed with an excited eagerness which suggested a lack of perspective. While the bad management of the Indian military authorities was deservedly condemned, their plea that they were starved by the War Office, and that their requests for material were ignored, went entirely unheeded. Yet it is a fact that the War Office was so hostile and ungenerous to the Mesopotamia Expedition in 1915, that even the dispatches of the commanders were refused publication in the London Gazette.' Under the influence of the press and of certain Members of Parliament, the public anger was fanned into a wild demand for punishment.' The outcry at length concentrated upon Lord Hardinge, who had left India for ever more than a year earlier, and had returned to his old post as Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, where his exceptional experience was invaluable. He had steered India safely through the troubled early period of the war, and had left the country amid general manifestations of regret; but an issue which really concerned principles of supreme importance with regard to the conduct of the war degenerated in the end into an insensate clamour for his expulsion from the Foreign Office. He had thrice offered to resign, and on each occasion his request had been refused. Mr. Balfour, who was himself one of the Ministers responsible for the advance to Baghdad, finally crushed the agitation in a speech which, in motive at any rate, is one of the most creditable incidents in his career. We have shown here that if punishment had to be administered, it was bound to begin with Ministers themselves. As this would have involved the elimination of several leading members of the Government, and the consequent paralysis of administration, the excitement suddenly collapsed.
The true object of the Mesopotamia Commission was to find out in what respect our methods of conducting war were at fault; to marshal evidence and to assess its meaning, and not to provide scapegoats. The Commission did its work well, and its report is a model of judicial impartiality. Incidentally it revealed grave shortcomings in the administrative system of India, both civil and military. To these we may again revert, but meanwhile it is necessary to say that the findings. of the Commission have no relation whatever to the present scheme for the enlargement of Indian self-government. In its dispassionate disclosure of the methods by which the Government of 1915 went about the business of waging war the Commission rendered a great service to the nation, and to that issue public discussion should return in a calmer spirit.
No. 463 will be published in January 1918
Titles of Articles are printed in heavy type.
Adam, De l'Isle, Grand Master of
Order of St. John, 279
Africa, Germany and, 153; pan-
German ambitions for world-domi-
nation, 153; German designs in
Central Africa, 153; strategic
considerations, 154; position of
Egypt and Suez Canal, 155;
loyalty of natives to European
overlords, 156; native levies, 156;
special character of racial problem
in South Africa, 157; British
rule over coloured races, 159;
treatment of Indian and African
economic problems contrasted, 159;
danger of protectionist policy,
159; export duty on West African
oil-seeds, 160; French colonial
policy: results in Morocco, 160;
policy of the 'open-door,' 162;
mutual interests of British and
French possessions, 162; co-opera-
tion urged, 163; question of
restoring German colonies, 163;
position of South West Africa, 164;
of the tropical colonies, 165; de-
cline of native populations under
German rule, 165; Allied obliga-
tions to African natives, 166
Alvarez, Seño Melquia des, 141, 146
American League to Enforce Peace :
programme, 5, 21
Aristotle quoted, 194
Asquith, Rt. Hon. H., quoted, II
Austria, What is? 364; accession
of Emperor Charles, 364; changes
in position of Hapsburg dominions
certain, 364; anti-Serb and anti-
Slav policy inspired by Germany,
365; annexation of Bosnia-Herze-
govina, 365; German responsi-
bility for ultimatum to Serbia,
366; Mr. Steed's experiences and
fears of a European war, 366;
Austrian Embassy's efforts to
influence him in July 1914;
attitude of British Foreign Office
towards his suggestions, 370;
Austro-German efforts to influence
British press, 371; present agita-
tion against dismemberment of
Austria, 371; suggested federalist
rearrangement of Hapsburg do-
minions, 371; Professor L. Eisen-
mann's conclusions: the dynastic
Austria-Hungary, 372; Hermann
Bahr's definition of the Austrian
nation : the nation of Court
counsellors, 373-4; historical de-
velopment of the 'families,' 374;
revival of sense of nationality,
375; incapacity of the Hapsburgs,
375; Emperor Charles' supposed
aspirations for reorganisation,
376; future status of Austrian
Germans, 376; conservation of
Dual Monarchy principal interest
of Germany, 377; scheme for
complete Germanisation of Aus-
tria, 377; policy of Count Clam-
Martinitz and Count Czernin, 378;
effect of the Russian revolution,
379; non-German opposition to
Germanisation scheme, 379; the
scheme abandoned, 379; attitude
of Austrian Germans, 380; Em-
peror Charles' refusal to take
Oath to the Constitution, 380;
Germans and the loss of pre-
dominance, 381; position of
Magyars, 382; problem of the
Hapsburg dynasty, 382; German
plan to federalise Austria, 383;
policy of the Allies, 383; Italian
aims and Southern Slav unity,
384-5
Bagehot, Walter, quoted, 193
Baghdad, The Responsibility for,
386; the Commission's report
and postponement of the issue,
386; expedition the outcome of
Turkish intervention, 387; sei-
zure of Basra, 387; inspired by
the Admiralty, 388; attitude of
Government of India, 388; com-
position of original expedition,
389; suggested advance to Baghdad
rejected, 389; advance to Kurna,
390; reluctance of Government
of India to send reinforcements:
critical position on Indian frontier,
390-1; despatch of reinforcements
and appointment of General Nixon,
391; his instructions, 391; battle
of Shaiba, 392; vacillation of
various authorities, 392; Ad-
miralty and protection of Persian
oil pipe-line, 392-3; occupation
of Amara and Nasiriyeh, 393;
occupation of Kut-el-Amara, 394;
General Nixon's plan to advance to
Baghdad, 394; plan vetoed, 394;
Cabinet decision to advance, 395;
unsoundness of political reasons,
396; general military situation
examined, 397; report of Inter-
Departmental Committee, 397-8;
attitude of General Staff, 398;
opposition of Government of
India, 398; General Nixon's con-
fidence, 399; General Townshend's
warning, 399; support of Govern-
ment of India secured, 400; General
Duff's position, 400; General Bar-
row's attitude, 401; bad counsel
of military advisers, 401; Cabinet
responsibility, 401-2; apportion-
ment of responsibility by Com-
mission criticised, 403; public
attention concentrated on minor
issues, 404-5; agitation against
Lord Hardinge, 405; ministers
and penalties, 405
Bahr, Hermann, quoted, 364, 373
Bakunin, Michel, 122, 213, 215
Baring, Major Maurice, In Memoriam:
A.H., 300, 306
Barrès, M. Maurice, quoted, 82
Bebel, 213, 214, 222
Bedford, Rev. W. K. R., Malta and
the Knights Hospitallers, 282
Beer, Mr. M., History of British
Socialism, 210
Bismarck, 213, 377
Bordeaux, M. Henri, La Jeunesse
Nouvelle, 72
Boulanger, Omer, L'Internationale
socialiste a vécu, 222, 226
Brend, William A., The Future of
the Public Health Services, 235.
See Public
Breusing, Admiral, quoted, 264
British Group's Proposals for Inter-
national Council of Conciliation,
Brooke, Rupert, 302
Bryce, Lord, quoted, 199
Burleigh, Lord, 5
Burns, C. Delisle, The Morality of
Nations, 4
Choudens, Jacques de, 90
Clay, Sir Arthur, From Contract
to Status? 330. See Contract.
Colonial Retribution,' 51; the Col-
onies and the war, 51; first
English settlements in Virginia, 51;
wrong choice of settler and the
remedy, 53; Puritan settle-
ments at Cape Cod and Massachu-
setts Bay, 55; position of the
State, 56; settlers' attitude to-
wards mother country, 57; the
Navigation Acts, 58, 62; the
Colonists and the opposition to
Stuart Kings, 58, 61; the Provi-
dence Company, 59; the Massa-
chusetts Company, 60; measures
to stop emigration, 61; devices for
the regulation of trade,' 62;
effects of the protection of shipping,
65; presence of the French in
Canada, 66; contraband trade,
67; the controversy over taxa-
tion, 68; the Treaty of Versailles,
69; passing of the colonial system,
69; consequences of repeal of
Navigation Acts, 70; independ-
ence of colonies and the gain to
trade, 70; the ' retribution of
to-day, 71
Contract to Status? From, 330;
democratic tendency to State con-
trol, 330; definition and history
of status, 330; weakness of un-
written constitutions, 332;
Sir
Henry Maine's anticipation of the
crisis between Lords and Com-
mons, 332; the Parliament Act
and danger of single-chamber
government, 333; delay in re-
forming House of Lords, 334; con-
fidence in the safety of personal
liberty, 335; English people and
their liberty, 336; recent social
policy hostile to liberty, 336;
public opinion and State control,
337; previous errors disregar-
ded, 337; Poor Law administra-
tion, 338; influence of Herbert
Spencer's social philosophy, 339;
State interference with personal
liberty, 340; measures to extend
State control likely, 341; syn-
dicalist movement, 341; volun-
tary social workers and State
assistance, 342; attitude of poorer
classes, 342; attitude of officials,
343; character of status imposed
by legislation, 343; proposals
for State ownership of industries
after the war, 344; absence of
a spur to energy, 345; individual
liberty essential to progress, 345;
democracy and the preservation
of liberty, 346
Corbett, Lieut. N. M. F., 308
Custance, Sir Reginald, and the
naval offensive, 263
Dato, Don Eduardo, 141
Degouy, Contre-Amiral, La Guerre
Navale et L'Offensive, 256
Détanger, Captain E. J., 82
Docwra, Sir Thomas, 286
Drouët, Marcel, 83
Edwards, Mr. W. R., quoted, 292-3
Eisenmann, Louis, quoted, 372
Elliot, Hugh, Herbert Spencer, 330,
Fincham, H. W., The Order of the
Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem,
278, 280, 288.
Food Policy, The Foundations of,
28; ratio of home production to
peace requirements, 28; prospects
of increased home production, 29;
possible economies, 30-33; criti-
cism of food economy propaganda,
33; ratio of labour to production,
34 provision of deficiency by
extension of agricultural output
and maintenance of overseas sup-
plies, 34; problem of determining
precedence, 35; submarine de-
predations and shipping, 34;
apportionment of labour, 35;
shipbuilding of first importance,
37; necessity of improving trans-
port services, 38; Transport
Workers' Battalions, 39; use of
improved mechanical appliances
urged, 40; Government control
of shipping, 41; importance of
railways, 41; agriculture rele-
gated to fourth position, 42; re-
striction of non-food imports,
43 problem of prices, 44; price
regulation, 45; reactions of price
limitation, 46; food administra-
tion's inconsistencies, 48; 'pro-
fiteering,' 49; German experience
neglected, 49; rationing unde-
sirable, 50
France, The Gallantry of, 72;
heroism of young French officers
in present war, 72, 98: Jean
Allard (Méeus), 73; commemora-
tion of fallen officers at Paris,
74; their spiritual condition, 74;
Paul Lintier, 76, 90, 92; character-
istics of modern Frenchmen and
Englishmen compared, 79; re-
vival of French spirit, 79; in-
fluence of Colonel Ardent du
Picq's Études sur le Combat,
79; present struggle for France
the most literary of all wars, 81;
patriotism of young intellectuals,
82; Captain E. J. Détanger, 82;
Marcel Drouet, 83; obscurity of
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