definite motion, it does not follow that it fixes the attitude of a particle as well as its place. Faraday proved that each particle has its attitude: just as the moon chooses always to turn one side to the earth, and always hides the other from us, so do the atoms of every minute material system maintain fixed attitudes to one another. He studied the attitudes of those atoms with careful minuteness: he at last so mastered them that he could make them change at his bidding from one attitude into another, and in the end he found that in every kind of matter particles have a preference for one attitude and a repugnance for another, and that the seeming difference of one substance from another may be merely the difference of the attitude which the atom assumes in one combination, from that which it assumes in another. Polarity of atoms is a phrase commonly used to indicate this peculiarity of attitude.

The magnetic needle which points to the north pole is a beautiful instance of the preference of a particle for an attitude. Faraday proved that this preference is catching-he showed that magnetic force is neither peculiar to one substance nor a specialty of the poles of the earth. Every atom of matter, like the earth itself, may have its north and its south pole, and may tend to incline its head to the north and its feet to the south, or in some other favourite direction. Magnetic influence is no peculiarity of iron or steel -all matter is magnetic-all particles of matter are individual magnets.

Magnetism in science is therefore no longer a thing or a quality, it is a pervading influence, it is an ordinary influence, it marshals particles, biases them, and changes or fixes their attitude without changing their place. It faces them round to the north or south, to the east or west, and makes them stand on their head or their heels. Magnetism is the orderly force of matter.

But Faraday did more than discover the universality of the magnetic force; he turned it to use, and made it analyse matter. The happy thought occurred

to him that he could use the ordering power of magnetism to separate particles of different kinds of matter which had become united together under one form. In the form of water, for example, he knew that there were two sets of particles, hydrogen and oxygen: he believed that these two ranks of particles were ranged side by side, but in different attitudes, one fronting one way, the other fronting the opposite way; he poured into the substance of this compound body a powerful magnetic stream, sufficiently strong to release them from the attractive bond, and enable them to fly asunder; his anticipation was realized-all the particles of oxygen flew out at one end, and all the particles of hydrogen chose the opposite way out.

In the identification of magnetic influence with the electricity of the voltaic pile, and with the dry electricity of the common electric machine, Faraday played a great part, and the place which electrical influence now holds as a physical agent and faithful servant of the human race arose much out of his discoveries. But his thoughts were turned more to the elucidation of the laws of nature than to the modes of controlling these laws for human convenience. He threw broadcast prezati. seeds of truth into the minds of ai ready to cultivate them for human pri It was enough for him when he fathomed the secrets of nature, and dragged out of the recesses of matter a divine and luminous thought. That men should use these hidden forces as instruments of thought and knowledge, and make an iron wire 4,000 miles long, the vehicle by which a human thought should be propelled in the form of a magnetic wave through a space equal to the radius of the earth, in a single oscillation lasting only a few seconds of time, is one of those marvels of science which no daily familiarity can render less seemingly impossible. it is not the matter of the wire which carries the thought, it is the ordering influence of the magnetic power which changes the attitude of the particles at

But

the one end into conformity with the change of front effected at the other end, just as we can imagine a change of front produced along a line of soldiers successively by a word of command given at one extremity.

We believe it was the flood of light let in on Faraday's mind by these revelations of truth, that gave to the end of his life that afterglow which hallowed his declining years. He had ceased to work and act, and even to speak, but he had not ceased to see down deep into the very heart of things. Faraday died as he lived, philosopher and Christian, a proof that those who blame philosophy as hostile to religion know not the deep principles they censure. How could a man be otherwise than religious, who at every step he penetrated beyond other men found himself brought more closely face to face with the manifestations of mind constructed like his own-with aim and purpose intelligible to him-employing ways and means clearly tending to an end, and methodically following out a system which he could both conceive and grasp? Such a man's whole life is one act of reverence to the Supreme Being in whose inner presence he finds himself continually illuminated and strengthened; and if there be revelation of divine things on earth, it is when the hidden secrets of nature are disclosed to the sincere and self-denying

seeker of truth.

It is impossible to close Professor Tyndall's memoir without putting a question to ourselves as Englishmen. Do we as a nation appreciate and honour, during their lives, those great men who illuminate our minds, do honour to our

race, and place in our hands the keys of such mysteries in nature, as enable us to wield sources of gigantic power and national wealth? Faraday was one of a small band who added to our scientific knowledge a whole continent of truth, who have done for the future peace and wealth of the nation more than conquerors of kingdoms, or heroes of battlefields. Have we as a nation recognised these benefits, and done ourselves the honour of showing that we were worthy to appreciate as well as enjoy the free gifts which his genius conferred on us? I fear it must be confessed that we have not. It is not our wont to care for, consider, or secure the well-being of those who, in advancing the interests of the nation, do not take care at the same time to secure their own individual wealth. While earning countless wealth for the nation, Faraday's own income seems never, but in one year, to have exceeded the modest bounds of 3001. that noble testimony of a nation's gratitude we left him to live and die.

On

In concluding this notice, it is necessary to guard against an injustice which, in the desire for shortness, I may seem to have been betrayed into. In going over the wide field of discovery in which Faraday worked, I did not stop to distinguish between those parts of the work which he did alone and unaided, and those in which distinguished men co-operated with or preceded him but in justice I must add that he was one of a band of heroes whose names are to be found duly recorded in their proper places in Professor Tyndall's book, and whom it is probable we shall only begin to honour after their death.

66

'Moscow, 17 (29) April, 1868. "I can assure you, upon the best authorities, that never, during the whole life of the Metropolitan Philaret, did there occur anything of the kind. Having been nominated, as you mention it, to three bishoprics in succession before his accession to the see of Moscow, he only resided in one, that of Twer, for a year and a half, and was transferred to Moscow quite naturally, as having drawn upon himself, by his extraordinary abilities, the attention of the ecclesiastical and civil authorities. Neither would such an anecdote be characteristic of the position of the Russian clergy towards civil society. Our bishops are treated with a marked deference by all civil authorities, and the Emperor himself in greeting a bishop kisses his hand, receiving the same kiss in return. At a Governor's

A. P. S.

table the bishop has always la place d'honneur, and a functionary who would dare to use such a violence towards a bishop as that described in your 'Recollections' ought to be considered as a madman. In fact, there have been instances of bishops having received blows either from fanatical sectarians (one of them even murdered the Metropolitan' at the time of the plague of 1772) or from dissatisfied subordinates, as has been the case some years ago, when the Archbishop of Riazan was struck by an inferior monk, who pretended to have been ill-used by him. On that occasion, the Metropolitan Philaret wrote him a letter, where he says, entre autres, that a blow from an ass, according to the saying of an ancient philosopher, is not to be wondered at.'"

1 Archbishop Ambrose. See "Lectures on the Eastern Church," p. 409.

III.

THE FALL OF MAGDALA, AND DEATH OF KING TEODOROS.

THE operations of the Abyssinian Expedition occupied three nearly equal periods. The first extended from the beginning of October to the landing of the Commander-in-Chief in the first days of January, during which General Merewether and his colleagues were occupied in selecting a port, effecting a landing, exploring the passes, and establishing an advanced brigade on the highlands. The second period extended from the landing of Sir Robert Napier in the first days of January to the 12th of March, when he advanced from Antalo; and the third includes the march to Magdala, the completion of the work, and the return march to the coast. It is in this third period that all the principal events of the campaign took place, and round it, therefore, the main interest of the narrative centres.

The work to be done was eertainly most exceptional in its character, and required very different qualities from those which are generally required from officers engaged in active operations. A No. 105.-vOL, XVIII.

march of upwards of 350 miles over mountainous country, where indeed the difficulties of the road were most formidable, but where the population would be friendly, and the supplies and means of transport abundant, so long as sound judgment and temper were exercised on the side of the invaders, called for a rare combination of prudence and energy in its conduct.

The road from Antalo to Magdala passes over a succession of lofty ranges of mountains of volcanic origin to the deep bed of the Tăkkăzie river near its source, and then across the plateaux of Wadela and Talanta, crossing the profound ravines of the Jita and Beshilo. The region was, for all practical purposes, entirely unknown, and it was essential that some one should be sent on ahead of the force to explore it, report upon the nature of the roads, see the native chiefs, and secure their assistance, or at least friendly neutrality. The service was one of considerable trust and some danger, and required qualifications which were not easily to be found combined in one person. Fortunately in M. Munzinger, our Consul at Massowa, and General Merewether's assistant throughout the whole course of the Abyssinian difficulty, from its com

mencement in 1864, the requisite qualifications were to be found. A man of great simplicity and singleness of mind, he was devoted to the cause, and ready to make any sacrifice or run any risk to secure its success. Intimately acquainted with native politics and with the dispositions of the various chiefs, his manner was admirably adapted to win their confidence, while his address and self-possession commanded their respect. He speaks the language well, and his knowledge of it is not a mere smattering picked up during a short residence in the country, but a knowledge acquired by long intercourse. with the people, and ripened by study, Finally, M. Munzinger is a geographer, with a quick eye for a country, and an accurate and painstaking observer. The expedition was certainly most fortunate in securing the services of so accomplished a pioneer. He started from Antalo on the 1st of March, and made a rapid journey to the camp of Gobazie's general near the Takkǎzie, sending back careful daily itineraries of the road. His presence with the army of Teôdoros's enemy was in itself a matter of the first importance. He advanced with it to the Talanta plateau, and continued to collect valuable information respecting the fortress of Magdala, and to exercise a very beneficial influence on the powerful chiefs with whom he came in contact.

On the 12th of March the first brigade marched from Antalo, the second following a march or two in rear, with elephants carrying four 12-pounder Armstrong guns and two mortars. Colonel

Phayre, the Quartermaster-General, was one or two marches in front, to lead the way and report on the roads; while to Major Grant, C.B. and Captain Moore were intrusted the responsible duty of opening markets and inviting supplies from the natives, so that confidence might be fully established amongst them before the arrival of the main column. Thus commenced in good earnest `at last, the march of the British force to Magdala.

The territory of Dejatch Kâsa, the

Tigré chief, ends at Antalo, and the whole of the Amhara country to the south is in possession of Dejatch Gobazie, King Teôdoros's most formidable opponent. The mother of Gobazie is a sister of Dejatch Mashesha, the hereditary ruler of Lasta, and she married secondly the Dejatch Waldo Kiros, Chief of Wadela. Through her influence both. these powerful nobles gave in their adherence to Gobazie, and, at the period of the British advance on Magdala, Mashesha, with a large body of cavalry, was watching the movements. of Teodoros, while Gobazie himself was overrunning the Begemeder and other provinces near the Great Lake, occupying Debra Tabor, and advancing against Tirso Gobazie, one of his rivals, who had got possession of Gondar, and the provinces of Walkeit and Tchelga. Gobazie, looking upon himself as the sovereign of all the Amharic country, has dropped the title of Waag-shum, which he has conferred on his brother Biru, South of the Antalo plain lies the province of Wodgerat, ruled by a chief named Dejatch Waldo Yasoos, whose country lies between the territories of the two great rivals, Kâsa and Gobazie. This petty tyrant is a trimmer, first trying to please one side and then. the other a cowardly, vacillating, specimen of an Abyssinian chief, but not an uncommon type of that genus. Faithful to Teodoros until his power began to wane, he assisted in the rise of Kâsa, and afterwards, when he thought that Gobazie was likely to be more successful, he again shifted his allegiance.

When the British troops advanced from the plain of Antalo, they encamped on the first night within Wodgerat, the territory of this Waldo Yasoos; and on the following day the march led over a lofty saddle, 9,700 feet above the sea, flanked by the almost inaccessible peak of Alaji. The men had a long march of fifteen miles, first along the lovely vale of Beat Mayra, where the noisy stream, shaded by lofty trees, irrigates a succession of barley crops grown on terraces; and then up the long weary