interests, or to lend itself to petty local rivalries. In consideration of the populousness of the four parishes, the commissioners adhered to the original local limits from which to select recipients for Alleyn's bounty. Three-fourths of the net income are appropriated to the educational, and one-fourth to the eleemosynary branch of the charity, on the ground that these proportions are in accordance with the founder's intention, as set forth in his 113th and 117th statutes.

There are the usual provisions for continuing the succession of governors, fixing their powers and duties, vesting in them the College estates, and other purposes common to similar trusts.

Section 11 fixes the annuities of the members of the dissolved corporation, viz.

To the master, the sum of 1,0157.
To the warden

To the first and second fel

8551.

in all 5,6027. per annum, exclusive of some small pensions authorized by other sections of the scheme on behalf of various employés of the old corporation. Most of the twelve old pensioners are now dead, but all the six superior members of the foundation continue to receive their annuities.

The governors have the power to displace any of the officers, inclusive of head-master and chaplain, for neglect of duty, or other sufficient cause, and to prescribe rules for the discipline of the College. Section 44 deals with the arduous problem of keeping the keepers to their trust, should they show a disposition to pervert it.

Sections 45-99 set forth the constitution of the Upper and Lower Schools; the course of instruction and scale of fees payable in each; the qualifications, duties, powers, and emoluments of the masters; the conditions on which boys may become foundation scholars and

gain exhibitions, with regulations for boarding-houses, and other matters.

THE UPPER SCHOOL.

Boys from the favoured parishes are admissible between the ages of eight and fifteen, and may remain till eighteen. Boys not having the residential qualification (whom the founder would have termed "foreigners") are eligible, in the absence of candidates with the preferential claim. There are to be twenty-four foundation scholars in the Upper School, maintained in all respects at the cost of the College. None of these have hitherto been appointed. The head-master and the second master are not permitted to take boarders or private pupils. The school fee is 67. or 81. according to age, with 27. more for outsiders. The range of instruction embraces the usual English subjects, with Latin, Greek, modern languages, mathematics, physics, mechanics, chemistry, and natural sciences. At present only one modern language (French) is taught, and science is postponed until the new buildings are ready to receive the boys, now crowded into a set of inconvenient rooms in the old College. It seemed at one time that suitable buildings could be only hoped for, but never seen, by the present generation. Mr. Rogers, chairman of the governors, when laying the foundation-stone of the new schools, on the 26th June, 1866, stated that the money paid by the two railway companies, whose lines intersect the estate, had put the College thirty years in advance of what would otherwise have been its position. The new schools, now nearly completed, form a magnificent building, in the style of the Northern Italian of the 13th century, fine samples of which are still extant at Pavia, Verona, and Milan. Mr. Charles Barry, the College architect and surveyor, supplied the design, and superintends the erection. The building is of red brick, with a liberal use of terra cotta of different hues. The main buildings are of four stories, and comprise residences for the under-master of the Upper School, and

the head-master of the Lower School, besides library, board-room, &c. a detached house will be built for the master of the College. One wing takes the Upper School, the other the Lower; both communicate by a cloister with the central hall, for collective gatherings, such as speech-day celebrations. The building, exclusive of fittings, is to cost about 62,000l. The total precincts include forty-five acres, of which fifteen are reserved for future College requirements, while thirty are occupied with the schools, official residences, playgrounds and playing-fields. A spacious swimming-bath might well find a place in so great an expanse of ground. There are streamlets which could be turned to account for feeding it. Apparatus for gymnastic exercise is another desideratum up to the present date, but this will not long be the case, as the governors have resolved to add all approved appliances under this head. Though not closely connected with the architecture of the schools, it may here be mentioned by the way, for lack of a more appropriate place, that Dulwich is further indebted to Mr. Charles Barry's taste for most of its limited store of architectural embellishments. It was a part of the bargain between the College and the railways, that the latter should submit to the addition of some grace and comeliness in passing through the College property. Thus the schools and viaducts are by no means the only memorials of Mr. Barry's professional connexion with the neighbourhood. Can he give a new meaning to the "siste viator" stone in the centre of the village, and (now that the College buttery gives no bread and cheese and beer to the wayfarers who approach its precincts) earn the gratitude of thirsty souls who look in vain outside the taverns for any drinking fountain in Dulwich? More seats for wayfarers, under the grateful shade of Dulwich trees, furnished with quaint inscriptions like those on Highgate Hill, may be added to the suggestions on which the College surveyor will need little pressure to induce him to act if only the wherewithal be forth

coming. But this digression has taken us clean away from our track, to which we now retrace our steps.

There are to be eight exhibitions of 1007. each, tenable for five years, either at an English University, or during the earlier stages of bona fide preparation for some learned or scientific profession, or for the fine arts. Full effect has not yet been given to this munificent provision, but a commencement has been made in the award of 401. scholarships to four youths within the past two years.

LOWER SCHOOL.

The course embraces the usual English subjects, with Latin, modern languages, mathematics, and elementary instruction in physics, mechanics, chemistry, and natural sciences. The needs of boys of the higher sections of the industrial classes have determined the range of instruction adopted here. As in the Upper School, the curriculum has not hitherto embraced the whole of the intended course. The fee is 17. per annum. When funds admit, there are to be apprenticing gifts of 407. to each of six boys when quitting the school, and twelve exhibitions, also of 401. Foundation boys are eventually to form a large element in the Lower School. There are already twelve as under the old charter. They are better off than their predecessors. The average cost of their board, clothing, and residence was 547. each for the year 1866. (See Report of Schools Inquiry Commissioners, vol. iii. p. 139.) This is virtually for nine months, as the boys are at home not less than three months in their holidays. The cost of a foundationer is, therefore, six pounds per month, without including his education. The statutory qualification for a foundationer is much the same as under the old scheme.

The costume of the Dulwich foundationers is in pleasing contrast with the conspicuous habiliments of some other foundations. Instead of obtrusive colours and absurd fashions, Dulwich gives its foundationers a garb nowise distinguishable from that of a plainly clad boy of the middle class, unobtrusive,

and favourable to self-respect. Seen singly, the dress would not be taken for a uniform; seen in the mass, the boys present the appearance of genteel members of a private boarding-school, with suits of sober, but not sad, colours. The wardrobe of each boy includes a suit of black cloth, with grey trousers and cricketing caps.

The hamlet of Dulwich retains its ancient prior claim over the other sections of Camberwell parish. Both schools are liable to inspection by Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. (Sect. 97.) It is to be regretted that the Education Department feels obliged, owing to the insufficiency of its staff for any but indispensable work, to waive its title in this and all similar cases of schools not in receipt of its grants, or which have been built without its aid. But one of Her Majesty's Inspectors, acting temporarily as an officer of the Schools Inquiry Commission, inspected the Schools in November 1865. His report will be read with keen interest beyond the limited circle having a local interest in Dulwich.

ELEEMOSYNARY BRANCH.

Sections 100-110 are concerned with the almspeople. Only two of the highlypensioned "poor brethren survive as representatives of the old order of things. The "poor sisters," too, have all but one succumbed to time. Twelve "brethren" and twelve "sisters" have suitable rooms in the College, with a weekly allowance of twenty shillings each. The title "poor" has been dropped. "Respectable persons, either "married or single, who shall have "fallen from better circumstances into "indigence, and who shall be of the

age of 60 years or upwards," and who have the local qualification, are the recipients of this substantial bounty. Out-pensioners at ten shillings per week are to be appointed when funds are forthcoming.

There are several minor accretions on Alleyn's foundation, as Whitfield's gift, in 1826, and James Allen's gift, in 1741; but these have only limited local interest.

PICTURE GALLERY.

Sections 111-113 deal with the custody of the pictures and the disposal of the endowments belonging to them. The annual surplus income, if any, derived from the picture endowment may be devoted to defraying the cost of instructing the boys in drawing or design. The history of the Picture Gallery claims some mention here. Noel Desenfans, a Belgian, established as a leading picturedealer in London, was commissioned by Stanislaus, King of Poland, to form a collection of paintings. The dethronement of Stanislaus, and the dismemberment of his kingdom (1793-1795), deprived Desenfans of all hope of completing his commission, so the pictures remained on his hands. He subsequently bought many more on his own account from French refugees. He died in 1807, leaving his treasures of art to his friend Sir Francis Bourgeois, R.A., of Swiss extraction, but a Londoner by birth. He had rendered Desenfans much assistance in the selection of pictures; and so intimate was their friendship, that they passed their latter years under the same roof in Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, where both of them died, and where each remained encoffined until removed years after to Dulwich. Desenfans had long advocated the formation of a national collection of pictures in his adopted country, and Bourgeois, having no claims of kindred to consider in the bestowal of his property, determined to give effect, in some degree, to his friend's wish. His first intention seems to have been to leave his collection to the British Museum; but his acquaintance with Mr. Corry, one of the Fellows of Dulwich College, led him to prefer what he called the unpretending merit of Alleyn's foundation. He accordingly bequeathed the collection, which he had enlarged, to Dulwich College, to be there preserved for the inspection of the public, on such terms, and at such times, "as the governing body of the College should appoint."

Three hundred cabinet pictures might easily become as burdensome a gift as

the proverbial white elephant. Bourgeois, however, made ample provision for the housing and feeding of his elephant. Reserving a life-interest in his property to the wife of his friend, he gave the reversion of it, with his pictures, to Dulwich. The pecuniary bequest consisted of 2,000l. towards such an addition to the buildings as would make room for his pictures, and 10,000l. for investment, the proceeds of which were to defray all current charges. He died in January 1811. In the following July, Mrs. Desenfans, who gave her whole heart to the furtherance of the gallery, volunteered to give up all her life-interest in the property, on condition that the College authorities would at once set about building the Gallery. She, moreover, supplemented their lack of funds for building by a donation of more than 4,000l. She died in 1813, just before the completion of the Gallery, and among her bequests was a sum of 500l. for investment, the interest to be expended in an annual dinner for the Royal Academicians on their official visit to inspect the pictures and Gallery. She bequeathed also a goodly stock of silver plate-all bearing her husband's crest, and costly china dinner and dessert services, with other accessories of a banquet. She gave also, to be kept with the pic tures, statues of her husband and his friend, together with the large French clock, vases, and ornaments which are still at one end of the gallery. The first dinner under the will was in 1817. From 1820 the rule of a triennial banquet, with a breakfast in the two succeeding years, was adopted, because the dinner fund had proved inadequate for a yearly entertainment on the scale designed. Mr. Tite, one of the governors, announced to the speech-day audience in June last, that it is in contemplation to establish an art-school near the Gallery, the pupils of which may get their general education with the other boys, while the Bourgeois Collection will be utilized for their special instruction in art.

The endowment bequest was invested when the Funds were greatly depressed,

and at present is represented by the substantial total of 17,5007. Consols. There is, besides, a leasehold groundrent of 127. of which a few years remain unexpired. The total yearly income from all sources is about five hundred guineas. A marked improvement is observable in the aspect of the Gallery and its approaches within the last year or two. A doorway opens from the Picture Gallery into the mausoleum, where are to be seen the three sarcophagi containing the remains of Sir Francis Bourgeois, Noel and Margaret Desenfans. Soane, the architect of the Gallery, is said to have contemplated adding his museum to it, and making the mausoleum his own place of sepulture. The vacant coffin which he provided for his own remains now rests on top of that containing the body of Bourgeois, and on it stand the two busts bequeathed by Margaret Desenfans.

The sovereigns who bear rule over Poland would now fail to secure the pictures purchased for Stanislaus, even if they were ready to offer ten times the price that would have contented Desenfans at a date slightly later than that at which West recommended George III. to give him a thousand guineas for a Claude. Some of the pictures are said to be of doubtful authenticity (e.g. the Paul Potters); others are of inferior merit: some have been displaced on those grounds; but after all such deductions there remains an abundance of the choicest treasures of art enshrined at Dulwich. Raphael, Domenichino, Titian, the Caracci, Murillo, Rubens, Holbein, Teniers, Jordaens, Wouvermans, Cuyp, Ostade, Gerard Dow, Poussin, Salvator Rosa, Rembrandt, Watteau, Vernet, Ruysdael, Le Brun, Dolci, Gainsborough, Reynolds, Lawrence, Northcote ;-these and some others whose names are landmarks in the history of art, are worthily represented in the Dulwich Gallery of 366 pictures.

PRINCE ALBERT AT DULWICH.

An incident arising out of a royal visit to the Picture Gallery, nearly a quarter

of a century ago, may here claim a few words. A fine of one shilling was the penalty for the infringement of a byelaw then in force for the preservation of the College lawn from intrusive feet. The foundation boys formed the local constabulary for securing conformity to this law, and their zeal was stimulated by the condition that every fine became their own property. In the early spring of 1843, the Prince Consort, accompanied by Sir E. Bowater, both dressed as private gentlemen, dismounted at the College gate, passed down the avenue, and then walked on the tempting carpet of close-cut lawn. A blue-coated recipient of old Alleyn's bounty espied from some vantage nook the welcome vision of two law-breaking strangers in flagrante delicto. Swift as a bird of prey hastening to appease his hunger, young Hartley rushed forward lifting his hand to his forelock, in schoolboy fashion, and smiling, accosted the Prince in the time-honoured formula, "A shilling apiece to pay, Sir, for walking on the College lawn." The trespass was condoned by a payment somewhat beyond the penalty demanded; and Hartley, who is now a compositor in a London establishment, is not a little proud of having in his young days imposed a pecuniary penalty on Albert

the Good.

THE WOOD AND COMMON.

Dulwich Wood, designed by Alleyn to supply the fagots which should for ever keep frost out of the College chimneys, and Dulwich Common, which was rough waste-land for wellnigh two centuries after he bought it dirt-cheap from the spendthrift Calton, will ere long be as unlike what their names imply, as St. John's Wood, or Clerkenwell Green, or the Fields named after Lincoln's Inn, or the scores of similar incongruities which form a standing puzzle to unsophisticated country cousins on their first visit to the metropolis. Roads of all kinds traverse this 200 acres of ancient woodland in all directions. Handsome villas, for the most part detached, and with all

the surroundings that betoken wealth and luxury, fill up great gaps among the forest trees. The ground-rent now realized from any two acres of these plots is little short of the yearly income formerly yielded by the whole 200 acres. There were good preserves of game in the Wood and adjacent plantations until 1844, and hares were knocked over in and near the Common in still more recent times. Here the boy Byron found his earliest "pleasure in the pathless wood," and snatched the fearful joy of the truant schoolboy. Before going to Harrow he passed two years at Dr. Glennie's school, near the then eastern end of the Wood. His name figures in old ledgers belonging to one of the Dulwich tradesmen, who treasures the musty folios, with a little honest pride in the association. The boy poet must have had a speaking acquaintance with the hermit who for thirty years lived in a cave in the Wood, and was murdered there at the time of Byron's sojourn. Sydenham Hill had then as bad a reputation as Hounslow Heath for its footpads and highwaymen. The exploits of these "minions of the moon" must have had an intense interest for the romantic young Byron. He and his schoolfellows adopted among their sports a mimicry of brigandage, terrifying unwary wayfarers by a fire from ambuscades. in the thickets or gnarled oaks. their old blunderbusses and pistols were not arms of precision; from them, if it cannot be said there "flashed no fire," it must yet be believed "there hissed no ball."

But

The western side of Dulwich Wood is skirted by Penge Road, in which, but not quite close to the Wood, stands a toll-gate that merits a few words en passant, in consideration of its importance among the items of the College budget. No surly, crusty customer, hugging himself in his misanthropy, would select this Dulwich pike to illustrate Mr. Weller's theory. He could not here gratify his unsociable instincts, and retire from the world as a solitary recluse. He would here frequently find his pike beset by