The Indiana after the Treaty of Paris. Western Posts. The French feudal system of land tenure, which was held to prevail throughout Canada, was altogether contrary to English notions on the subject. Moreover, the absence of popular government was resented by those who had been accustomed to the full freedom of democratic popular assemblies. A remedy would have to be found for these drawbacks if American immigration was to build up a new British Empire. There were other interests besides those of Great Britain and the United States which were concerned with the terms of the Peace of 1783. The Indians bitterly resented the terms of the treaty. They had fought bravely by the side of the English, and felt natural resentment that no mention of them was made in the Peace. They claimed to have fought as allies and not subjects, and now they saw their lands coolly alienated. Apart from feelings of justice, the British authorities were anxious to retain the friendship of the Indians, who were still a power to be reckoned with. At the same time nothing could be done except to offer a new home in Canada to such of the Indians as might be willing to move. Under this arrangement the Mohawks under Joseph Brant (Thayendonegea) obtained a grant of about seven hundred thousand acres, along the Grand River which flows into Lake Erie. Another body of Mohawks was settled in the Bay of Quinté, west of Kingston. The position of Great Britain was further strengthened by the retention of the western posts on the ground that the United States had failed to fulfil their obligations under the treaty towards the American loyalists. These western posts were Detroit, in what is now the State of Michigan, Michillimackinac, at the junction of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, Fort Erie on Lake Erie, Niagara, Oswego on Lake Ontario, and Oswegatchie (now Ogdensburg) in the State of New York. In addition there were Pointe Au Fer and Dutchman's Point on Lake Champlain. So long as Great Britain held these posts, which she did till 1796, a powerful hold remained over Indian affairs. Meanwhile the great body of the Indians, who had remained in the territory ceded to the United States, were filled with sullen resentment. between Indians It seemed as though, at any moment, an Indian war might break out, and the Indians naturally asked themselves what line Great Britain would take in such an event. The position of the British Government was thus very difficult. On the one hand they could give no definite promise of assistance, on the other they were anxious not to lose the traditional sympathy of the tribes. The most adroit diplomacy was required to find a modus vivendi between the sullen suspicions of the Indians and the careless, and often brutal, confidence of the American pioneer. It was impossible to arrest the inevitable expansion of the United States, and the settlement of the Ohio country was a natural move in that progress. A kind of informal war took place in the years War 1788 to 1791 between the Indians and the new settlers. An Indian success in the latter year threatened to extend and Americans. the area of hostilities, but British influence was powerfully exerted in the interests of peace. The offer, however, to mediate between the two parties was rejected by the Americans. Direct negotiations in 1794 failed in their purpose, as the Americans were unable to assent to the claim that all the land lying to the north between the Ohio and the Mississippi should remain an Indian reserve. The situation was serious to Great Britain, inasmuch as, in case of a conflict, the western posts would doubtless at once be attacked by the Americans. Distrust of Great Britain was the dominant feeling in the United States, and the failure of the negotiations with the Indians was put down to British intrigue. That peace continued between Great Britain and the United States was mainly due to the wisdom and the influence of Washington. With regard to the Indians, the whole situation was altered by the successful campaign made in the summer of 1794 by General Wayne, the commander of the American forces. The Indians retreated along the Maumee river, and were in the end completely routed. The following year they submitted to terms, which left them only the lands south of Lake Erie, north of a line starting from the Ohio river nearly opposite the mouth of the Kentucky, along with the valley of the Maumee river and the Michigan peninsula. The country north of the Ohio which was to the south of the dividing line was expressly declared to be territory belonging to the United States. Although much was still heard of the Indians, and especially of their chief Brant, and although the Shawnee chief Tecumseh was one of the heroes of the war of 1812, already at the close of the eighteenth century the Indians were beginning to travel along that road of decline which has ended in the feeble position of to-day. AUTHORITIES Brymner, op. cit. 1889, for State Papers. same volume. Haldimand's Diary is in Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony, by Justice H. Smith, 1907, gives an exhaustive account of the American invasion of Canada. Original authorities are: Invasion of Canada in 1775: Thayer. Edited by E. M. Stone. vol. vi. Providence, 1867. including Journal of Captain S. Rhode Island Hist. Soc. Collections, Journals of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec, by E. Wild and H. Dearborn. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, Ser. II, vol. ii Invasion du Canada par les Américains, ed. by the Abbé Verreau, 1873. Journal during Visit to Canada in 1776, by Charles Carroll, Maryland Hist. Soc. Publications, Baltimore, 1845. Dispatches from Carleton to the Secretary of State on the American invasion are in Shortt and Doughty, op. cit. 1907. Letters between Sir Guy Carleton and Lord George Germaine are in Brymner's Report on the Canadian Archives, 1885. On Carleton's treatment of Chief Justice Livius see a note of Professor Shortt on p. 476 of Shortt and Doughty, op. cit. On the charges of Du Calvet see Brymner, op. cit. 1888. Mémoires de P. de Sale Laterrière, Quebec, 1873, contain details as to period of Sir F. Haldimand. The literature on the Maine boundary question is too voluminous to mention. In the above account Mr. W. F Ganong's learned monograph, The Evolution of the Boundaries of the Province of New Brunswick, Can. Royal Hist. Soc. vol. vii, Section II, has been for the most part followed. The whole matter is exhaustively dealt with in History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party. Washington, 1898, vol. i. pp. 1-160. Edited by J. B. Moore. See also Parl. Papers 1837-8, vol. xxxix. The text of the Treaty of 1783 is in Houston, op. cit. Lord E. Fitzmaurice's Life of Lord Shelburne, three vols., 1875-6, and A. Gallatin's Writings, edited by H. Adams, three vols., 1879, should be consulted. For the Indian War see Life of Wayne, by J. Armstrong (Library of American Biography, vol. iv). Ed. by J. Sparks. New York. There are lives of Dorchester (Carleton) and Haldimand in the 'Makers of Canada' series, by A. G. Bradley and J. MacIlwraith. Germaine. CHAPTER III THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT OF 1791 Resigna- IN treating of Indian affairs we have anticipated the course tion of of events. With the resignation of Lord George Germaine in 1782 the opposition to Carleton in the royal councils ceased, and he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the forces in America. Haldimand was notified that, in case Carleton should visit Canada, he should withdraw from the government. Carleton, however, had no intention of interfering with Haldimand: he wrote that he had not quitted the government of Canada with a purpose in any event of returning thither. Haldimand returned to England in 1784, handing over the government to the Lieutenant-Governor, Henry Hamilton. The latter's sympathies were with the members of the Council who had opposed Haldimand, and his advocacy of the extension of British institutions in Canada was not to the mind of his superiors, so that he was superseded by Colonel Henry Hope. It was at first uncertain whether or Appoint- not Haldimand would return, but in January, 1786, Sir Guy ment of Dorchester. Carleton, who was soon after made Lord Dorchester, was appointed Governor-General, his powers extending over Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, as well as Canada, New Brunswick having been carved out of Nova Scotia in 1784. Dorchester arrived in Canada in October, 1786, and in the following year, by proclamation, Canada was divided into five new districts, in addition to the districts of Quebec and Montreal. These were Lunenburg, which extended from the Montreal border to the river Gananoqui; Mecklenburg, which extended from the western limits of Lunenburg to |