a peculiar long projecting form. The form of the jaw of the rodentia is also peculiar, reducing the chin to almost nothing, by the sloping manner in which the lower teeth extend from the under jaw to meet the upper teeth. In the carnivora, particularly in the bull-dog, the under jaw projects in front beyond the incisive teeth.

Comparative Phrenology has proved that those animals. which have a predominance of the canine teeth (as all carniverous animals do) have also a predominance of the organ of Destructiveness. Those which have a predominance of the molares, and lack the canine teeth, (this is the case with all herbiverous animals,) have the organ of Cautiousness predominating over Destructiveness. Those, again, which have the incisive teeth predominant, as the beaver, rat, squirrel, and all the rodentia tribe,-have the organs of Constructiveness and Acquisitiveness predominant.

I now come to the application of this subject to mankind. In a man of balanced and perfect cerebral organization, the three kinds of teeth, the molares, the canine, and the incisors, will be in harmony; they will approximate in their general form and arrangement, to the carniverous, the herbiverous, and the rodentia; but they will not bear a very striking resemblance to either class of animals;-they will be formed and arranged in that beautiful manner which is peculiarly human.

I have already explained in another place, that man has all the Ipseal Propensities which are possessed by the lower animals, with the addition of another and higher Range. Every man has the Carniverous, the Herbiverous, and the Rodentia Ranges; but in some men the Carniverous Range predominates considerably over all the other Ipseals; and in others the Rodentia Range is most developed. Those persons (Plate VIII, fig. 3 and 4,) who have the Carniverous. Range very large, have also carniverous teeth; that is, their

teeth approximate in form and arrangement to those of carniverous animals. They have the same short, broad jaw, and in every particular the jaws and teeth resemble those of the carnivora. The portraits of Henry VIII of England, of Nero, of Bishop Bonner, of Luther, of Vitellius the Roman Emperor, and indeed of all men of destructive character, have this form of jaw and teeth. Melancton, Henry VI, Richard II, and other gentle characters, have more slender jaws and a less offensive kind of teeth.

Those men (Fig. 5, 6 and 7,) who have the Herbiverous Range of Ipseals, very much developed, with the Offensive Range very deficient, will most generally be found to have the long slender jaw, and large incisive teeth of the herbiverous animals; the teeth and jaws will resemble those of the horse. Those men (Fig. 9, 10 and 11,) who have the Rodentia Range very large and predominant, will have the two front incisive teeth long, and the jaw narrow on each side of them; the canine teeth being small, and the chin less prominent than those who have the carniverous teeth predominant; indeed the whole physiognomy will be found to resemble the rat, and the beaver. This whole doctrine may be expressed in the single proposition, that a man who has the propensities which characterize a class of animals, will also have a form of face approximating to theirs.

In order to test this fairly, we should take extreme cases of the different classes of men, and compare them together; take, for instance, a notorious miser, who has the organ of Acquisitiveness very large, and who is deficient in the Carniverous Range, a mean, cowardly character; and contrast his face, and jaws, and teeth, with those of a ruffian, who is reckless alike of property, of danger, and of life. Then compare both of these with one who has neither the Carniverous nor the Rodentia Propensities large, but who has a long narrow head and jaw like a horse or deer. In

this way any one may soon be satisfied, that this principle is correct, and founded in nature. It is a most curious and interesting result, to which I have been gradually led, by the discovery of the true and natural classification of the Phrenological Organs.

There are many men who have such a compound of qualities as to render it difficult to say to which of these three classes of animals they bear the most resemblance; and this same mixture will be found in some animals; the fox, for instance, combines the cunning, the carniverous, and the herbiverous, and I have often been struck with the resemblance in the physiognomy of the fox, to some cunning characters with whom I have been acquainted. The jaws, slender and pointed, indicating a combination of the carniverous and herbiverous-of ferocity and weakness. Compare the face of Godoi, the prince of peace, and the artful and sanguinary Richelieu, with the face of a fox, and see if there is no resemblance.

My success in these observations, led me to extend them further, and notice the resemblance of men to animals in other particulars; and I find that the same general principle is equally applicable to other features besides the jaws and teeth. Timid men have ears which resemble those of timid animals; and destructive men have ears formed like those of destructive animals; secretive, prowling men, have eyes large, round, and placed laterally, like those of cats, and owls, and other nocturnal, prowling animals. Those who have large Pneumativeness and large lungs, have expanded nostrils. Those persons who approximate in bodily form to the carniverous animals, are naturally more fond of meat; and those who approximate in bodily form to the herbiverous, are more fond of vegetable food; the latter are comparatively larger in the region of the pelvis and abdomen than the former.

NATURAL LANGUAGE.

Each propensity produces a kind of actions peculiar to itself; and those actions are its natural language. Every voluntary act, therefore, is the natural language of some propensity, or of some combination of propensities. When one propensity-Destructiveness for instance-acts singly, and powerfully, it draws the muscles and limbs into certain positions. Every time this propensity is excited, it produces the same effect-the movements, and the positions, and the sounds which it produces, are always essentially the same; and therefore it becomes the sign or language of that propensity. Thus, when we look at a tiger, a dog, or any other carniverous animal, and see him drawing down the muscles at the corners of his mouth, in such a manner as to expose his canine teeth; we consider it a sign that he is angry that his Destructiveness is roused. If we look at a beaver, and perceive that he is sitting near a piece of wood, with his muscles drawn up so as to expose his incisive teeth, we consider it a sign than his Constructiveness and Acquisitiveness are active. If we look at a man, and see him drawing the corners of his mouth down in a similar manner to the tiger, we have found by experience that it is a sign of the same propensity—he is angry. If we see a man who habitually assumes a ferocious or carniverous expression, we infer that he is a severe character, because we see the sign stamped upon his face. Take a view of a ferocious animal, and observe the angle formed by the line of his closed mouth, and contrast it with the straight line formed by