action with those propensities. Among animals, it either combines with Destructiveness, as in the Carnivora, to plot mischief against others; or with Cautiousness, as in the Herbivora, to avoid secret dangers; or with Acquisitiveness, as in the Rodentia, to acquire property secretly. The actions which it produces are indirect, roundabout, and such as appear to have a different aim from that which they really do. How far the schemes which originate in Secretiveness shall be successful, depends very much upon the intellect; we accordingly have knaves of every degree of intelligence; some lay their stratagems so foolishly that they cannot possibly escape detection; their very faces are so indellibly stamped with the natural language of this propensity, that every one is thereby put upon his guard. But there are men whose large Secretiveness is so combined with intellectual and other powers, and who are so thoroughly acquainted with human nature, that it is almost impossible for any eye, but that of Omniscience, to discover their deep and comprehensive designs. Shakespeare has drawn a most perfect illustration of this kind of character, in his Iago, and also Richard the Third, who says to himself;

"Why, I can smile, and murder while I smile;

And cry content to that which grieves my heart;
And wet my cheeks with artificial tears;

And frame my face to all occasions."

I have seen very dishonest men, who had small Secretiveness, and large intellect and Cautiousness; they generally pride themselves upon their cunning, and ability to deceive; but they deceive themselves most-they mistake caution for secrecy and talent for cunning. They are apt to overlook some secret means of detection, or they forget to conceal something, or unconsciously allow some expression to escape them, which leads to their exposure. They are uṇable to compete successfully with those who have equal intel

lect, and more Secretiveness. I have always found this organ large on successful rogues; it enables them to assume the appearance of honesty, by suppressing the expression of their real feelings.

It is large in most of the celebrated European politicians; in Talleyrand, Metternich, and in Pozzo di Borgo; and enabled them to rise from obscurity, and exert a powerful influence upon the destinies of half the civilized world. Such men possess a profound, and almost intuitive knowledge of human nature, in its secret operations. Artifice, in order to impose upon them, must be most perfect; a single movement of the eye, or features, or the least equivocation of voice, or manner, is sufficient to excite their suspicion, and set them upon their watch. The following anecdote, however, which is related by Gen. Ducordray Holstein, shows, that without the aid of phrenology, even Metternich may, for a while, be greatly deceived by an accomplished villain:

In the winter of 1814, Prince Metternich gave a splendid ball, at which, all that beauty, fashion, birth and wealth could unite, were assembled in his palace. All the ambassadors, the grand officers of the crown, in their brilliant dresses, with crosses, stars and ribbons, a numerous assemblage of young, handsome and distinguished women, covered with diamonds, and dressed with the greatest elegance, were present. Among this crowd of high personages were distinguished the beautiful princess de S....., born princess of C. .; and the young count of Pekf..., high rank, brilliant exterior and amiable qualities had gained him, during his short stay at Vienna, the admiration and good graces of the emperor, prince Metternich, and all the higher circles at Vienna. The count had left his estates in Bohemia, and came for the first time to the court of Francis to pay his homage as one of his vassals. nich had already destined him for a high office.

whose

Metter

The celebrated Doct. Gall was one of the guests, and on intimate terms with the all-powerful premier. He approached and asked him, "Now Doctor what do you think of this brilliant count Pekf...? During the fortnight of his stay, he has already enchanted our ladies. I seldom have found so many of the graces, such nobleness of manners, united to so much knowledge and talent. The emperor is very fond of him, will choose him a wife and attach him to our court. I predict for him a quick rise and a high destiny. What do you say, Doctor, or think of him?”

"I have seen him but a few minutes, when you conversed with him, but—”

"How then Doctor? would you so hastily judge and apply your system to him also?"

"My judgment is for the present formed by having observed him when he spoke with you; and I have not closely examined him to tell you exactly what I fear; but a fine outside is not always the indication of good and eminent qualities."

"Oh! Doctor, said Metternich, smiling, I may readily give him up to your close examination. Analyze his features; feel his protuberances as you call them; and I am convinced you will readily agree with me, that a nobler mind. or soul has never taken its abode in a finer body." "Perhaps, perhaps," said the Doctor.

This curious and singular conversation was going on when the count Pekf... danced with the beautiful princess Shew Metterand attracted general admiration. nich, after having left the Doctor, was struck with his remark, and observed at a distance that Gall approached the count to examine him closer by. Curious to know what the Doctor thought, the prince asked him his opinion. Gall without answering, took him aside out of the crowd. When alone, he said to Metternich, "Your favorite is but a profound villain."

"Doctor," replied the prince, laughing, "you jest or your whole system appears to me very strange."

"You would perhaps not listen to the reasons upon which my opinion is grounded; but let us wait. Time alone shall show which of us is right or wrong."

Metternich laughed heartily at the mania of the Doctor, as he said; left him and thought no more of it.

In April, 1816, a horrid unheard of crime was committed in Germany. The perpetrator was arrested, tried before the Supreme Court of Justice, and sentenced to be degraded from all his titles and dignities, and then beheaded: the sentence was executed at Prague the 15th of June, the same year.

.... 9

The criminal was the same brilliant count of Pekf . . . . the favorite of Francis and Prince Metternich!

The fact that Secretiveness is so much used, or rather abused by rogues, renders a good developement of it the more necessary to the friends of justice; to enable them to detect the machinations of the wicked. Mr. Hays, the celebrated High Constable of New-York city, has it very large; and is consequently capable of conceiving the probable course which a villain will be likely to pursue in a particular case; and of suggesting plans and stratagems, to circumvent and bring him to justice. It generally happens that petty scoundrels have small intellect and Conscientiousness, and large Secretiveness. They are cunning, but not wise; an officer therefore, who has Secretiveness equally large, with an intellect much larger, has greatly the advantage of them; and frequently astonishes both them and the public also, by his superior sagacity. I know several merchants, who have failed in business, for no other reason than because they were too deficient in Secretiveness to suspect the selfishness and treachery of pretended friends. Honest themselves-frank, open, and confident, they cannot understand

the feelings which actuate those who have an organization of a contrary kind. Experience only teaches them wisdom and prudence, but not cunning-to avoid knaves, not to outwit them. Washington had Secretiveness large; and Mr. Jefferson justly remarked, that he showed to much greater advantage in the management of secret enterprises-in manœuvres to get the advantage of the enemy, by gaining commanding positions-by coming upon them unexpectedly, and cutting them up in detail, than he did in the open field. The evidence of this is found in the stratagems by which he forced the enemy to evacuate Boston; his retreat across Long Island Sound, and the Delaware River; and his sudden descent upon the British and Hessians at Trenton and Princeton. This great man was also said to be suspicious; and to detect easily the real characters of those with whom he associated or encountered, so as rarely to be deceived.

VII. CAUTIOUSNESS.

First fear his hand, its skill to try,
Amid the chords bewildered laid,

And back recoiled, he knew not why,

Even at the sound himself had made.-Collins.

This is the propensity to avoid danger. The operation of the Lower Ipseals, which I have already described, is such as to produce a necessity for this propensity. Animals, in their eagerness to enjoy air, and food, and easeand in their violent struggles to rend their prey, or to overthrow the obstacles to enjoyment, necessarily run into innumerable dangers, which this is designed to make them avoid.