Combativeness, that he is temporarily unconscious of his pain. The explanation of this propensity also affords an easy answer to the question so often asked, why a Creator of infinite goodness permitted the existence of pain; and it will be perceived that it is itself the strongest evidence both of wisdom and goodness. It is like the garment that an affectionate parent throws around a tender child; though it may sometimes be uncomfortable, it is kindly intended for its protection.

My attention was directed to this organ in the following manner:—I had in my lectures been in the habit of stating that those organs which are most necessary at any particular age, are most developed at that age. I also stated that the organ of Destructiveness was larger in infants than adults. To this, some of my friends objected, that there seemed to be no necessity for children to have a large Destructiveness, at a time when their weak, helpless condition rendered it impossible for them to destroy any thing. I was unable to explain this apparent inconsistency, and resorted to my usual practice of accurate observation, with the hope to find some explanation. I found that in most infants Pneumativeness, Alimentiveness, and Destructiveness were very large; and that the under part of Destructiveness was even so large as to cause the ears to stand out from the head. One day, at a public table, I saw a child with Destructiveness very prominent, and whenever the mother neglected to fill its mouth, nothing could exceed the rage manifested by the hungry infant; it kicked, scratched, and screamed, to the annoyance of every one in the room; refusing all consolation until its appetite was satisfied; and then all was peace and quiet-the smile mounted its features, and chased away the scowl, and the crowing laugh of joy assumed the place of the scream of rage. This led to other observations of a similar kind, which explained, in the most

satisfactory manner the necessity of Destructiveness to children, combined with Alimentiveness. This seemed to be confirmed by the fact that the organ of Alimentiveness joins Destructiveness, and the convolutions of the two organs run into each other. It was then objected, that children manifest the same degree of anger when in pain, as they do when hungry; and if the continuation of the convolution of Alimentiveness into Destructiveness proved any thing, it proved that there should also be an organ of pain, continued into it in the same manner. This suggestion seemed plausible, and induced me to look for an organ of pain, particularly in infants, from the fact that when born they manifest but three feelings, viz: suffocation, hunger, and pain. I was fully convinced that the organ must be at the base of the brain-that it is a propensity-an Ipseal-that it must join Destructiveness-that in the order of arrangement it is preceded by Pneumativeness and Alimentiveness-that it comes before Destructiveness, and is manifested by animals. According to my classification of the organs, these conclusions were inevitable. There was but one question remaining is the organ so situated that it can be discovered by an external prominence? In examining the brain, I had always noticed a convolution under Destructiveness, and running parallel with it, which, if large must give width to the head under Destructiveness, and throw out the ears, giving prominence to the muscles on the sides of the neck, just as Amativeness does on the back of it. All my conjectures were now directed to this convolution as the organ. This harmonized with the appearance of infants' heads which I had observed. It also called to recollection many instances in which pain had been powerfully expressed by those suffering from wounds; and as near as I could remember they were large in this place. I proceeded to examine, question, and compare individuals, until I became satisfied

I

that my conjectures were well founded. I think the organ is smaller in women than in men, and accounts for the apparent firmness with which they endure pain; they are more apprehensive before it comes, and are more easily affected by it, but they do not suffer as intensely, nor express it as forcibly, and can bear it with more patience than man. find, as a general rule, this organ is larger the more vigorous and robust the constitution. It is larger in the carniverous than in the herbiverous animals. It is larger in children than in adults. It would, however, be obviously unphilosophical to name it the organ of pain; as this is only the disagreeable affection of a propensity, the proper gratification of which, yields the opposite feeling, which is denominated bodily ease. The proper inquiry is, what was the design of the Creator in bestowing this propensity? and this naturally brings us to the conclusion that it is the organ of Sanitativeness, or the propensity to protect and preserve the integrity of the bodily constitution, to prevent disease, and injury, and destruction. Children, and animals, ignorant of this design, make use of it instinctively, when roused by the feeling of pain, which it produces when disagreeably affected. If these views of pain are correct, the opinion of the poet, that the beetle which we tread upon,

"In corporal suffering, finds

A pang as great as when a giant dies."

may be again revived; notwithstanding the belief of Physiologists that the pain which an animal suffers is in proportion to the number and developement of his sensitive nerves. It must be remembered that the nerves do not feel, but only convey impressions of those irritations, the consciousness of which constitutes pain; in order, therefore, to ascertain the intensity of sufferings, we must either ascertain the size of Sanitativeness, or judge by the energy with which it is manifested. The uncommon developement

of nerves, only indicate that the parts to which they are distributed, are sensible to a slight impression, but they do not indicate the intensity of feeling.

REMARKS ON THE CORPOREAL RANGE.

In examining individuals, and especially children, I always look at this range first, because so much depends upon Health, vigor, endurance, and even longevity are in a great measure to be accounted for by its influence. I do not assert positively that health is caused by the influence of this Range; I only state that which I do know, that the bodily constitutions of children are seldom strong and vigorous when this Range is small; they are more weak and slender, and liable to fall victims to the many changes which their constitutions must undergo in their progress from infancy to maturity. In adults also, I find health and energy of constitution much less to be depended upon when this Range. is deficient. I frequently find a person with a large Corporeal Range sustaining himself in health and vigor, under circumstances which would be fatal to those who have it small; such persons are said to possess wonderful elasticity of constitution; they rise sometimes from beds of sickness, from which hope had long since fled; and they pass comparatively unscathed through the various dangers to which different ages, sexes, climates, and occupations, render them liable. In those instances in which I have found this Range moderate, accompanied with health and vigor, I have found an excellent temperament compensating for the deficiency; but I never found health and vigor when both the Corporeal Range, and the Arterial System, are less than medium. This shows the great importance of attending to tempera

ment, when pronouncing opinions in practical Phrenology; particularly the arterial temperament. Phrenologists have not attached sufficient importance to the influence of the arterial system, upon the brain and nervous system. The following facts will show that no correct opinion can be formed without estimating the state and quantity of the arterial blood.

1st. The experiments of Le Galois, and others, prove that the brain and nerves cannot act a single moment without being impressed by the arterial blood, and

2d. On the other hand the heart cannot contract so as to send the blood to the brain, unless it is excited by the nerves; so that the arterial and nervous systems are mutually dependent upon each other.

3d. The amount of blood which the brain requires, under ordinary circumstances, is, by all authors, admitted to be not less than four times greater than any other part of equal bulk, and some estimate it nearly twice that amount. 4th. The amount of blood which the brain requires is in proportion to its size.

5th. When the brain is much excited, either by thought or passion, it requires more blood than when exercised in an ordinary manner.

6th. Those parts of the brain which are most exercised, receive more blood than those which are inactive.*

7th. Any changes which take place in the quality of the blood, have a greater effect upon the brain than any other part of the constitution.

8th. The quantity and quality of blood depends upon digestion, and respiration, and these depend upon Pneumativeness and Alimentiveness.

*When one of the larger organs are very much excited, the uncommon quantity of blood which it receives causes the head to feel warm externally, and thus, in some cases, becomes a guide to the practical phrenologist; in some instances this warmth is supposed to cause the hair to fall out. 14