ster, Rat, and Mouse.

All the acquisitions of animals

which they preserve for future use, are for the gratification of Alimentiveness.

HUMAN RANGE.

Playfulness.
Perfectiveness.
Hopefulness.

This Range of Ipseals is not directly dependent upon Alimentiveness, but it seems to be based upon the assumption, that the bodily wants are satisfied, and that the individual has leisure to play, and improve, and look forward for future happiness. We never spend our time in gratifying this Range, while any of the organs below are in want of present gratification; for example, we never think of play, or improvement, or scheming for the future, when we are very hungry, or angry, or fearful, or suffering for want of clothes, or shelter, or engaged in acquiring any thing for present use. Nourishment and preservation must receive our first attention, and afterwards our nobler Ipseal powers come into action, to ornament and crown the superstructure that our necessities have raised.

NEW ORGANS.

I have shown what should be the arrangement of the Ipseals, provided no other organs were discovered; but if Pneumativeness, and Sanitativeness are admitted, as I doubt not they will be, then another Range must be added. This will not, however, in any degree mar the beauty of the new classification, which my friends have so much admired, but will afford additional evidence of its truth, and conformity to nature. Should these two organs be rejected by other

phrenologists, and their existence or location denied, the preceding classification will yet remain unaltered; and when ever any new organs are introduced, they must be in conformity to its essential principles, though they may occasion a trifling modification of some of its details.

CORPOREAL RANGE.

Air, food, and bodily preservation, are required by every organized being; these three wants are attended to by animals in preference to all others, not only of the Social, but also of the Ipseal Class. Pneumativeness, Alimentiveness and Sanitativeness, then, must constitute a distinct range, which is wholly related to bodily wants, and may therefore be denominated the Corporeal Range.

The introduction of this Range will render it necessary, in order to give a connected and consecutive idea of the whole Ipseal Class thus modified, to recapitulate the arrangement; the first Range being now second, &c.

EFFECTS OF PROPENSITIES.

Before proceeding to explain the propensities separately, it will be necessary to show the distinction between Propensities, Feelings, and Voluntary Actions.

After much reflection, I am fully convinced, that the propensities act only through the medium of the intellect; and that to promote this end, all the organs of the propensities terminate in the Intellectual organs. I am supported in this opinion, both by anatomical and physiological evidence. The anatomical evidence is, that the anterior column of the Spinal Cord, (which, according to Bell, contains all the elements of voluntary motion,) proceeds from the anterior lobe of the brain; or in other words, all the nerves of voluntary motion proceed directly from the intellect, and not from the propensities, which are the original sources of voluntary motion. Now the reason of this cannot be explained, without admitting that the Intellectual organs first receive the influence of the propensities, and then transmit it to the muscles through the voluntary nerves. The physiological evidence is, that the intellect may be intensely active without rousing the propensities; but the propensities cannot be active even in a moderate degree, without rousing the intellect; and again, the propensities never produce actions without the consciousness and direction of the intellect. When one of the propensities is excited, it immediately communicates to the intellect an influence which we call a feeling or emotion; and when one feeling becomes so strong as to predominate over all others, the intellect relieve itself by transmitting to the anterior spinal column, an influence, which is conveyed to the muscles, and produces voluntary motion. The following explanations will now be understood:

PROPENSITIES, are blind impulses to action, proceeding from the Ipseal and Social organs.

FEELINGS, are effects which propensities produce in the intellect. The strength of a feeling will be in proportion to the size of the organ that produces it, and the degree in which it is excited.

VOLUNTARY ACTIONS, are the effects which propensities produce upon the nerves and muscles, through the medium, and by the direction of the intellect. The force, or strength of an action, depends upon the size of the propensity in which it originates, the degree to which the propensity is excited, and the size and vigour of the muscles. This explains why a man can strike a more forcible blow when angry, than when mild; and also, why a man with large Combativeness can strike a more powerful blow, (all other things being equal) than a man who has it small. It also explains why an insane man, in a fit of fury, when his propensities are greatly excited, often manifests a degree of muscular strength which he could not possibly equal when in health.

In explaining a propensity, we should consider,

First, its utility, or the design of the Creator in bestowing it.

Second, the feelings which it produces; and we must bear in mind, that each propensity produces a disagreeable feeling when it is not gratified, and an agreeable feeling when gratified.

Third, the actions which it produces; we must make a distinction between deficient, proper and excessive actions. Fourth, the objects and circumstances that excite it.

Let us apply these rules to one of the propensities; for example, Alimentiveness is useful and necessary, to prompt animals to nourishment; when active and not gratified, it produces the disagreeable feeling of hunger; and when grati

fied it produces an agreeable feeling of satisfaction. The action which Alimentiveness produces is eating, and this is deficient when bodily nourishment is neglected; it is proper when it is in harmony with the demands of the constitution; and it is excessive when it combines with Chemicality and produces gluttony and drunkenness. The circumstances that excite Alimentiveness are, either the perception of aliment, or certain irritations of the stomach.

"He breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul."—Genesis.

This propensity bears precisely the same relation to the lungs that Alimentiveness does to the stomach. When the lungs are not supplied with air, a disagreeable feeling of suffocation is experienced, analogous to the feeling of hunger when Alimentiveness is not gratified.

I was led to the discovery of this organ, by observing that those persons who were small in the region of Alimentiveness were generally small also in the region of the lungs, and vice versa; and in my lectures, many of my friends will remember, that I frequently mentioned this fact, acknowledging at the same time that I was unable to account for it. I also observed that persons with arterial temperaments were generally wider through the head at this part, than nervous or venous temperaments. I could readily understand that by the laws of harmony large Alimentiveness might, and probably would be accompanied with a large