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all these he was the strenuous and able advocate. He was also a consistent advocate of the repeal of the penal laws, and the granting of Catholic emancipation; and on this subject his views were entitled to greater weight on account of the extent of his landed property in Ireland, and his consequent acquaintance with the state of things in that country. The Ministry were little more than a year in power, and only half a year after the death of Fox. In the same month in which Pitt resigned his life, Nelson was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral; and before Pitt had passed away, Fox, while paying the last honours at the grave of the mighty Admiral, was struck with the hand of death. Fox lingered seven months in office, and died on the 13th of September, 1806. The Cabinet with which Lord Henry Petty was associated continued in office but a short time after the passing of the measure for the abolition of the slave trade. Their total failure was upon the Catholic Relief Bill. Henry Petty lost with office what he valued far more, his seat for Cambridge University; and he sat for a few months as M.P. for Camelford, when, in Nov. 1809, he was transferred to the House of Peers, the Marquisate of Lansdowne devolving upon him by the death of his half-brother. In 1820 he anticipated the measures of the present day by a speech in favour of free trade and the removal of shackles from commerce at home and abroad. In 1822 he brought forward a motion for the consideration of the sufferings and grievances of Ireland; and in 1824 he strongly urged upon the government of Lord Liverpool the necessity of acknowledging the independence of the South American republics. In 1826, when Mr. Canning took office on moderate Liberal principles, Lord Lansdowne responded to his call, and became Home Secretary. Under Mr. Canning's successor, Lord Goderich, he held the seals of the Foreign Department, but the short duration of the Ministry did not give him time to develope his capacity in the wide range of foreign politics.

After remaining in opposition to the Duke of Wellington from 1829 to 1831, Lord Lansdowne took office under Earl Grey, as Lord President of the Council, in which position his judgment and experience were of great service to his party; and he aided in carrying the Reform Bill through each of its successive stages. On the accession of Sir Robert Peel he became the recognized leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords; a position in which his manly courtesy, his dignity, and generous disposition con

ciliated the respect and esteem of his opponents. During Lord John Russell's tenure of office he held the Presidentship of the Council, and he went into opposition with him on the advent of Lord Derby, yet he refused the reins of government, and suffered them to pass into the hands of Lord Aberdeen in December, 1852, though requested by the Queen to undertake the premiership; he consented, however, to hold a seat in the Cabinet, without office, as the Duke of Wellington had done in that of Sir Robert Peel. The influence of Lord Lansdowne upon his party had been of late years conservative in its bearing; for fifty years the advocate of liberal measures, he was satisfied with the progress that had been made, and he had no wish to endanger the cause of good government by countenancing crude and ill-considered projects and sweeping changes.

When he entered the House of Commons, sixty years ago, he had little to learn with regard to the rights, interests, and duties of mankind in political society. Yet such were his good sense and moderation that the possession of this abstract knowledge never made him conceited or dogmatic, never urged him to the defence of paradox, or pushed him to speculative extremes. The last forty years of his life were a continued triumph of those principles. Lord Lansdowne had the happiness, at the close of a long and consistent career, of seeing his fellow-countrymen almost unanimously adopt the views that he held in early youth. He had little to retract, little to modify, little to extend. There is probably no statesman who would come out more unscathed from the crucial test of a recurrence to the pages of "Hansard." The same moderation and prudence pervaded his conduct in political conjunctures. He so identified himself with his party as to show no semblance of personal ambition. highest rank in the peerage was at any time within his reach, and more than once an honour which few men would be found to refuse, the office of Prime Minister, had been pressed upon him; but he was content, as well he might be, with the position he held. He was anxious to serve his party and obtain the triumph of his principles; but he had no wish for mere display or prominence in the public eye. He strove to live at peace with all men; his friends he held together by his eminent services and his unswerving consistency; his opponents he conciliated by his courtesy, his moderation, and the tolerance with which a liberality something very different from mere Liberalism led him to treat opinions the most con

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trary to his own. Never were the dignity and courtesy of the House of Lords better sustained than under his leadership. He never lost a political friend; he never exasperated a political adversary. His wealth and power have been used to a remarkable degree in furtherance of public objects. It was to him that we owed the introduction of Lord Macaulay to public life, and no man has been more anxious to employ patronage and interest for the promotion of merit. Lord Lansdowne had a keen relish and a cultivated taste for literature. He had formed a splendid library, and was to the last an unwearied reader. He formed for himself one of the noblest collections of the country, and adorned his house with statues and specimens of art long before the taste for such things had revived among us. His manners were gracious, simple, and dignified; his conversation easy, full of anecdote and cheerfulness; and no one knew better how to grace a splendid and almost boundless hospitality. He was the counsellor to whom the Queen, especially since the death of the Prince Consort, would naturally look for advice in questions beyond the domain of party politics, and in whose judgment and moderation all parties had implicit reliance.

The Marquis married March 30, 1808, Louisa Laura, fifth daughter of Henry Thomas, second Earl of Ilchester, by whom (who died in 1851) he had issue (1) William Thomas, Earl of Kerry, M.P., born March 30, 1811; married March 18, 1834, the Hon. Augusta Lavinia Priscilla Ponsonby, second daughter of Lord Duncannon; and died August 21, 1836, leaving issue by his wife (who married in April, 1815, the Hon. C. A. Gore) one daughter, Lady Mary Fitzmaurice, who married, in 1860, Colonel the Hon. Percy Herbert, C.B., Deputy Quartermaster-General, brother of the Earl of Powis; (2) Henry, Earl of Shelburne, born January 5, 1816, M.P. for Calne from August, 1847, to June, 1856, when he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Wycombe; a Lord of the Treasury in 1817; Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs from June, 1856, to March, 1858; (3) Lady Louisa Fitzmaurice, married to the Hon. James Kenneth Howard.

Till within a year or so, his lordship exhibited few of the infirmities of advanced age except deafness; but his health then began to decline, and his death was hastened by an accident which occurred on the 21st of January. As he was entering the house from the terrace at Bowood, he stumbled and fell heavily, cutting his head severely, and dividing an artery, from which a violent

hemorrhage ensued. A few days afterwards he began to sink, and never afterwards rallied.

The fifth ancestor of the late Marquis, and the founder of the family, was one Anthony Petty, a clothier, who early in the seventeenth century lived at Romsey, in Hampshire. His son, William Petty, was born in 1623, and was educated in his native town. In his youth he was remarkable for his inventive genius, and at the age of 15 he had a fair knowledge of the Greek, Latin, and French languages, and a creditable acquaintance with geometry and astronomy. He entered the navy, but soon after left it; he tried merchandise for a time, and left that also; he then invented a copying machine, but received no profit from it; he turned to medicine, and dissected in Paris under the guidance of Hobbes, the author of "The Leviathan;" he became Professor of Anatomy at Oxford, and also held the office of Professor of Music at Gresham College. Eventually he became physician to the Irish army during the Protectorate; and beside these occupations he contracted for the admeasurement of forfeited lands in Ireland, his survey being still of great value in the law courts as a work of reference. He was knighted by Charles II. Sir William was one of the founders of the Royal Society; he invented a doublebottomed vessel to sail against wind and tide; and, finally, by various important works on taxation and national wealth, he laid the foundation of the science of Political Arithmetic. In December, 1687, he died at his house in Piccadilly, at the age of 64, and was buried in his native town, in the church of which there is a monument (a recumbent effigy in freestone) erected by the late Marquis to his memory. Sir William left personal estate to the amount of 45,000l., and landed property to the value of 65007. a year. He married a lady who was Baroness Shelburne in her own right, and by her daughter, his only surviving child, who intermarried with the Kerry family, he became the great-grandfather of the Earl of Shelburne, the father of the deceased peer. This nobleman, who was created Marquis of Lansdowne in 1784, when he retired from public life, indulged his congenial tastes in the adornment of Lansdowne House, Berkeley-square, where he collected a splendid gallery of ancient and modern pictures, and statuary, together with a library of 10,000 volumes, comprising the largest assortment of pamphlets and memoirs on English history and politics possessed by any man of his time, as well as a series of manuscripts, the greater part of which were subse

quently dispersed by his eldest son. When that son was succeeded by the late Marquis, the first care of the latter was to purchase the antique marbles from his sister-in-law, and there at Lansdowne House they may now be seen-some of them, as the youthful Hercules and the Mercury, justly considered the finest statues of the kind that have found their way to this country. As for the pictures, when the Marquis succeeded to the title there was not one in this splendid mansion, with the exception of a few family portraits; but love of art was an instinct of the family, and Lord Lansdowne set himself to the formation of a gallery, which comprises nearly 200 pictures of rare interest and value, though miscellaneous in their character, no school nor master predominating, unless it be Sir Joshua Reynolds. Some of the portraits in this collection are of great interest, especially that of Pope by Jervas; Reynolds's portrait of Sterne; one of Franklin, by Gainsborough; one of Peg Woffington, by Hogarth; two of Lady Hamilton, from the pencil of Romney; and the lovely portrait of Mrs. Sheridan, as St. Cecilia, painted by Reynolds.

THE RIGHT HON. SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL LEWIS, BART., M.P.

This eminent scholar and statesman was the eldest son of the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis, Bart., of Harpton Court, Radnorshire, by his first wife, Harriet, fourth daughter of Sir George Cornewall, Bart. He was born in 1806, and was educated at Eton, and subsequently proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, at which university he took high honours, being First Class in Classics, and Second Class in Mathematics, 1828. He adopted the law as his profession, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1831, but practised only for a short time. In 1835 he was appointed one of the Commissioners of inquiry for the relief of the poor and into the state of the Church in Ireland; and in the following year was placed on the Commission of inquiry into the affairs of Malta; and was a Poor-law Commissioner from January, 1839, to July, 1847, when he was first elected member for the county of Hereford in the House of Commons. He sat for that county till 1852, and from March, 1855, to his death, represented the Radnor district of boroughs. He succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1855. Sir George filled numerous important offices in the Government. He was Secretary to the Board of Control from November, 1847, to May, 1848; Under Secretary for the Home

Department from May, 1848, to July, 1850; Financial Secretary to the Treasury from July, 1850, to February, 1852, and Chancellor of the Exchequer from March, 1855, to February, 1858; and was appointed Secretary of State for the Home Department in June, 1859. On the resignation in July, 1861, of the late Lord Herbert of Lea (Sidney Herbert), Sir George was selected by Lord Palmerston to fill the difficult and arduous office of Secretary of State for War, which office he held till his death.

He married, in 1844, Lady Maria Theresa, widow of Mr. Thomas Henry Lister, and sister of the Earl of Clarendon. Having left no issue he is succeeded in the baronetcy by his brother, the Rev. Gilbert Frankland Lewis, Canon Residentiary of Worcester.

Sir George C. Lewis was a distinguished scholar, and the author of various political and historical works, and for a short period was editor of the "Edinburgh Review." Among other works, he was the author of "An Essay on the Use and Abuse of Political Terms," "An Essay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages," ""On Local Disturbances in Ireland and the Irish Church Question," "An Essay on the Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion," "An Inquiry into the Credibility of the Early Roman History," "An Essay on the Government of Dependencies," "On the Method of Observation and Reasoning in Politics," an elaborate treatise "On the Astronomy of the Ancients," &c. &c. He was also the translator of Boeckh's "Public Economy of Athens," the compiler of "A Glossary of Provincial Words used in Herefordshire," and only a very short time before his decease he had issued 66 A Dialogue on the best Form of Government."

His death was very sudden. He had been in but indifferent health during the winter, and going into the country for the Easter recess, he caught a cold, which was followed by a bilious attack, under which he sank in a couple of days. His decease was justly regarded as a public loss. The following estimate of his character, which appeared in the "Times" newspaper, is one to which all who knew him will readily assent :

"Sir George Lewis was not a showy character, and especially he did not shine much in those debates from which the country at large learns to estimate the position of a Minister; but his wonderful power of mastering any subject, his clear head, his sound sense, and his practical ability were fully recognized, and spite of his slow and hesitating manner, his voice had an authority in the

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House of Commons which men of much more eloquence might have envied. In that assembly, the most critical in the world, no one commanded more attention when he chose to speak, and no man was more entirely trusted. doubt might attach to the speeches of other Ministers. This one might be supposed to be careless, that to be occasionally ill-informed, and a third to be capable of intentional ambiguity. It was certain that Sir George Lewis would always be accurate and truthful; and he more than made up for the want of brilliancy by the worth of his character and by the completeness of his work. There are not a few men in Parliament who have combined literary ability with skilful statesmanship; but it is rare to see that kind of literary ability which he displayed combined with legislative and practical talents. He was unquestionably one of the most learned Englishmen of his generation. His erudition included all ancient and modern literature, and it was as accurate as it was extensive. Much of it was of a sort which is supposed to belong only to a recluse. Sir G. Lewis moved freely under his weight of knowledge, and while he was oppressed with the cares of office, and with the necessity of being every night in his place in Parliament, he could find leisure to disport himself in some department of forgotten lore, and would astonish the world by his elaborate research into the abtruser questions of ancient history and philosophy."

LORD LYNDHURST.

The Right Hon. Sir John Singleton Copley, S.L., P.C., F.R.S., D.C.L., Baron Lyndhurst, of Lyndhurst, in the county of Hants, High Steward of the University of Cambridge, and one of the Governors of the Charterhouse, a great lawyer, orator, judge, and statesman, was the son of the eminent painter, John Singleton Copley, Esq., R.A., by his wife, Susan, daughter of Richard Clark, Esq., a wealthy merchant in Boston, United States, and agent of the East India Company for their tea trade there, and was grandson of Richard Copley, Esq., of the county of Limerick, by his wife, Sarah, younger daughter of John Singleton, Esq. John Singleton Copley, the future Lord Lyndhurst, was born May 21, 1772, at Boston, America, then a town of the British empire, and was, when two years of age, brought to England by his father.

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was educated first by a private tutor, and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he soon obtained a scholarship. He also won the second Smith's

prize (mathematical), and was selected Fellow of his college, and was appointed travelling Bachelor of the University in 1795, and took the opportunity of visiting his birthplace, Boston. On his return to England, in 1797, he proceeded M.A., and shortly afterwards he entered himself of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the Bar on the 8th of June, 1804. He chose the Midland Circuit, and was made Serjeantat-Law in 1813. He first became prominently known from the ability he displayed as one of the counsel who defended Watson and Thistlewood, tried for high treason in 1817. He entered Parliament as member for the borough of Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, on the 28th of March, 1818, having the same year become a King's Serjeant and Chief Justice of Chester. He afterwards sat for Ashburton and the University of Cambridge. He was soon looked on as the most rising lawyer of his party (the Tory side) in the House of Commons, and, a convenient opportunity presenting itself by the removal of Sir Samuel Shepherd to the Scotch Bench, Copley was appointed Solicitor-General in July, 1819, and was knighted. He, while holding the office of Solicitor-General in 1820, was engaged for the Crown in two memorable casesviz., the trial at the Old Bailey of the Cato-street conspirators and their ringleader, his former client, Thistlewood; and the proceedings against Queen Caroline, in the House of Lords. In both affairs, Sir John Copley displayed remarkable eloquence, judgment, and forbearHe became Attorney-General in 1824, and Master of the Rolls in 1826. He at first energetically opposed the Catholic claims, but afterwards sided with those who felt the absolute necessity of Catholic Emancipation being carried. He took office in the Cabinet formed by Mr. Canning in 1827. He was appointed Lord Chancellor for the first time April 20, 1827, and was created Lord Lyndhurst on the 25th of the same month and year. While he held the seals, under the premiership of the Duke of Wellington, the Catholic Emancipation Bill was carried. He retired from the chancellorship on the accession of the Whigs to power in 1830, but was appointed Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer early in 1831, and in that office showed himself to be an acute and high-minded common-law Judge. In the House of Lords he opposed the Reform Bill with all his energies and eloquence, and was the virtual leader in the Tory struggle. He declared the measure to be detrimental to the rights of the people and inconsistent with the prerogative of the Crown. One crisis in the history of

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the bill he mainly brought about by his motion for the postponement of the disfranchising clauses, his carrying which caused the Ministry to temporarily resign, on the 9th of May, 1832. Lord Lyndhurst, on the formation of Sir Robert Peel's short Administration in 1834, was again appointed Lord Chancellor, but again retired in April, 1835. He was elected High Steward of the University of Cambridge in 1840. In 1841 Sir Robert Peel returned to power, and Lord Lyndhurst for the third time accepted the chancellorship, which he finally resigned in July, 1846. He nevertheless took subsequently an active part in the debates of the House of Lords, and retained his weight and influence, by the force of his high character, wisdom, and eloquence there, to the very last year of his life. It should be observed that, as presiding in the Courts of Exchequer and Chancery, Lord Lyndhurst had been pre-eminent, and his judgments in Baron de Bode's case, in "Small versus Attwood," the Thellusson case, and the Bridgwater case, are looked on as models of lucid reasoning and admirable diction. His speeches in the Lords, when past eighty years of age, on the war with Russia, on Cambridge University Reform, the Wensleydale peerage, and the defences of the country, are no less specimens of brilliant and sagacious eloquence. Lord Lyndhurst, on the death of the venerable Lord Sinclair, just twelve days before his own demise, became the senior Peer of the House of Lords. Lord Lyndhurst married, first, March 13, 1819, Sarah Garay, daughter of Chas. Brunsden, Esq., and widow of Lieut.-Col. Chas. Thomas, 1st Foot Guards, who fell at Waterloo, and his lordship by her (who died Jan. 15, 1834) had a son and four daughters, of whom the son and two daughters died young, and the two surviving daughters have been marriedviz., Sarah Elizabeth, in 1850, to Henry John Selwin, Esq., eldest son of Sir John Thomas Selwin, sixth and present Baronet, of Leeds, Yorkshire; and Sophia Clarence, in 1854, to Hamilton Beckett, Esq. Lord Lyndhurst married, secondly, Georgiana, daughter of Lewis Goldsmith, Esq., by whom he had another daughter, Georgiana Susan, who was married, the 25th of June, 1863, to Charles Du Cane, Esq., M.P. Lord Lyndhurst died on the 12th October, 1863, at his town house (the same that had been his father's), 25, George-street, Hanover-square, and, as he left no male issue, the barony of Lyndhurst became extinct.

WILLIAM MULREADY, R.A.

This eminent artist was born at Ennis, in Ireland, in 1786, six years before the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and was admitted a student of the Royal Academy when only fourteen. He had before this gained the favourable notice of Banks, and permission to draw in the sculptor's studio. Like many other painters known to us by works unpretending in subject and of "cabinet" size, his first attempts were on themes and of the scale proper to high art-a discipline which, like the "large-hand" of the schoolboy, always bears good fruit. Sketches for such subjects as "Polyphemus and Ulysses," "The Disobedient Prophet," &c., were in the exhibition of his works at the Society of Arts in 1848. Whether from want of encouragement or natural bias, he soon confined himself to small pictures of simple incident or careful studies from nature, and he adhered to his early choice with that singleness of aim which ensures success. He for a time painted in a low key, with brown shadows, and his figure-subjects showed in other respects the influence of Wilkie and the Dutch masters. In little "bits" of landscape he first manifested a fresher feeling for colour. Some of these, taken from the neighbourhood of Hampstead-heath and the Kensington gravel-pits, then a favourite haunt of landscape-painters, give, perhaps, the earliest indication of that peculiarly close and accurate study of nature which distinguish all his best works. In them, and also the figure-pictures of his best (middle) period, he completely anticipated and fully realized what the pre-Raphaelites long after professed for the first time to aim at, and only for the most part imperfectly attained. Among the most important pictures of the first ten years of his career were "The Rattle" (1808), "The Roadside Inn" (1811), "Punch" (1813), and "Idle Boys" (1815). In November of 1815 he was elected associate, and only three months later full member, of the Academy, being one of the very few artists upon whom the two honours have been conferred within the year. During the next ten years were produced some of his most humorous pictures, chiefly of boy life and village incident. About the years 1833-5 Mulready commenced developing new and more essentially artistic qualities, particularly exquisite purity of colour and consummate refinement and variety of execution. In 1844 Mulready executed a series of illustrations for an edition of "The Vicar of Wakefield," and from this source have been derived some of his most important pictures, including "The Whistonian Con