GENERAL INDEX TO THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. A new Index, forming Volume CCXXII., comprising the volumes from CCII. to CCXXI., of the QUARTERLY REVIEW, has been published, and is obtainable through any bookseller (Price 6/- net). The QUARTERLY REVIEW is published on or about the 15th of Price Twenty-four Shillings per Annum, post free. Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited, London and Beccles, England. 1. Calendar of State Papers, Venetian. Vols VIII, ix. H.M. Stationery Office, 1894, 1897. 2. State Papers: Turkey MSS. Public Record Office. ART. 2.-THE ETHICS OF PRUSSIAN STATECRAFT ART. 3.-THE GOVERNMENT OF NATIVE RACES ART. 4.-THE PRINCIPLES OF RECONSTRUCTION. II. 1. Ministry of Reconstruction. A List of Commis- sions and Committees set up to deal with Questions which will arise at the Close of the War. [Cd 8916.] 2. Ministry of Reconstruction. Committee on Relations between Employers and Employed: Second Report ART. 6.-CICERO AND THE CONQUEST OF Gaul 1. Ciceronis Epistolæ. Edited by Tyrrell and Purser. Vols I and II. (Third edition.) Dublin University ART. 7.-WAR POETRY (1914-1918) - 1. The Muse in Arms. Edited by E. B. Osborn. John PAGE 1. Report on Indian Constitutional Reforms, presented to both Houses of Parliament. [Cd 9109.] H.M. 1. General Report of the Census of India, 1911. ART. 10.-A TAME HOUSE OF LORDS Report of the Conference on the Reform of the ART. 11.-A GREAT NATURALIST: SIR JOSEPH HOOKER - 453 The Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, O.M., G.C.S.I.; based on material collected and arranged by Lady Hooker. By Leonard Huxley. Art. 1.-THE ENGLISH IN THE LEVANT. 1. Calendar of State Papers, Venetian. Vols VIII, IX. H.M. Stationery Office, 1894, 1897. 2. State Papers: Turkey MSS. Public Record Office. 3. Historical Manuscripts Commission; Hatfield Papers. Parts IV to XIII. H.M. Stationery Office, 1892-1915. 4. The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation. By Richard Hakluyt. Edition. Twelve vols. MacLehose, 1903-1905. 5. Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches. By J. von Hammer. Pest: Hartleben, 1828. New 6. Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches. By J. W. Zinkeisen. Gotha: Perthes, 1855. 7. Négociations de la France dans le Levant. Edited by E. Charrière, 1848-1860. 8. The Early History of the Levant Company. By M. Epstein. Routledge, 1908. THE early history of the English in the Mediterranean falls into two well-defined periods. The first, which forms the subject of this article, is concerned with sporadic attempts to create a Levant trade, which eventually became concentrated and effectively continuous in the Levant Company or Company of Turkey Merchants. This period covers the years 1553 to 1603, and is notable, chiefly, for the difficulties experienced by the London merchants and their agents in Constantinople. The material is to be found mainly in the despatches of those agents, addressed to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and to his son Robert, Lord Salisbury, as yet unpublished, and in the despatches of the Venetian ambassadors at Vol. 230.-No. 457. S the Sublime Porte, addressed to the Doge and Senate. The second period runs from the year 1603 to 1651; it begins in the illegal, fortuitous and unofficial operations of the pirates, continues through Mansell's official expedition in 1620, and ends with Blake's successful establishment of Great Britain as a sea-power in 1650. Burghley, in pursuit of his far-sighted commercial policy, encouraged and fostered every effort of the instinctive national tendency to expand. He bent his mind to the extension of the trading markets of England; and it is hardly too much to say that the history of modern British commerce begins with him. Burghley and the statesmen who worked with him clearly grasped the possibilities of England's island position. The policy of diffusus in orbe Britannus' was to be carried out by the opening of new 'vents' or markets for English goods. For Burghley, with singular lucidity and prescience, had already enunciated the fundamental doctrine of modern economists: 'It is manifest,' he says in a memorandum on the importation of wines, that nothing robbeth this realme of England but when more merchandise is brought into the realme than is carried forth,' because the balance must be payd with money.' For the furtherance of this policy of foreign trade it was necessary to foster the mercantile marine, the ultimate source of sea-power; for in peace it feeds trade, and in war it alone can feed the navy. The essentials of a mercantile marine are men, ships, sea-craft, and, when these have been secured, the erection of trading companies for the use of them and the exploitation of foreign markets. On the matter of men and sea-craft Burghley argued that there were three ways of breeding the one and learning the other-fishing, the carrying trade, and piracy. Piracy, though a good school, was abhorrent to the merchant, who was, in the last resort, the chief factor in Burghley's scheme; the carrying trade was still non-existent, though it would come with the development of his policy; fishing, therefore, was the great school in which men are made meter to abide stormes and become common mariners than by sailing in ships to Roone or Burdeaux.' Burghley fully grasped the fact that the wealth of a nation lies in its trade. The spectacle of Spain, whose |