General Staff has been reorganised, and its relation to the bureaus of the War Department has been more clearly defined, The two great supply divisions of the War Department, the Quartermaster's Department and the Ordnance Department, have been reorganised along the lines of a modern industrial establishment, and their activities have at length been properly coordinated. The War Industries Board, which developed out of certain sub-committees of the Council of National Defence, and is not attached to any executive department, is the agency by which the requirements of all the war branches are coordinated and their provision assured. Its function is to enable American industry to meet war demands, and to present these demands in such a way that they may be satisfied most effectively and economically, with due regard to their relative importance. The War Trade Board is in control of exports and imports. The Railway Administration, under a DirectorGeneral of Railroads, controls the operation of all the railroads of the country. The Shipping Board constructs vessels, through the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and directs the operation of the merchant marine. The War Labour Board is charged with the settlement of labour disputes, with the survey of the supply of labour, and with its training, distribution, and housing. The Food Administration encourages the production of food and economy in its use, and controls its distribution. It is especially charged with procuring food products to meet the requirements of the Allies. The Fuel Administration controls the production and distribution of fuel. Other boards or officers, such as the Aircraft Board, the Alien Property Custodian, and the Bureau of War Risk Insurance, have more specialised functions. It is generally believed in Washington that a relatively permanent war organisation has at last been effected; that it will enable the country to devote a constantly increasing proportion of its resources and energies to the prosecution of the war; and that there will now be a marked acceleration of all war activities.

A governing principle of the Administration in its efforts to place the United States on a war basis has been the use of persuasion rather than of compulsion. The resort to conscription in raising an army was

not a contravention of this principle, because Americans in general were amply persuaded that conscription was the better of the two possible methods. The Administration, and most thoughtful Americans as well, have realised that the United States, like Europe, is passing through a social and economic revolution. The support of Labour, which has on the whole been gained, is due to the fact that Labour has been consulted equally with all other interests in the preparation of war measures. The problem of securing its support has been the more difficult in the United States because much of it is unskilled, because of its heterogeneous character, and because rather less than fifteen per cent. of it is organised.

The recent German offensive has forced Americans to realise the need for greater and more effective effort on their part. They begin to see that the country cannot carry on the war and at the same time continue the usual activities of normal times. They are becoming convinced, not only that it will be necessary to raise a much larger army than was at first contemplated, but that eventually a large part of the population will have to be enlisted in effective forms of war service. They have lost their belief that American genius could perform a series of miracles that would end the war cheaply and quickly. They no longer expect to exterminate the submarine in a month or two, or to cloud the skies of Germany with ten thousand, nay, a hundred thousand aeroplanes dropping death and destruction. They are not looking for a German revolution, and they know now that German soldiers will fight until they are killed. In short, they realise at last that, in this conflict of peoples, war consists mainly of two things-fighting and working-and that every one must do one or the other.

WALDO G. LELAND.

CORRIGENDA.

P. 98, line 10 from foot, for aud' read 'and.'

P. 104, lines 13-15, for the sentence' Owing to . . . crop of 1915,' read as follows: Owing to the severity of the winter, however, the wheat crop, while larger than that of 1916, was a distinct disappointment and fell far short of the record of 1915.' crop

Art. 7.-THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM: 1099-1291. 1. Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. Seventeen vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1841-1906.

2. Les Colonies franques de Syrie aux XIIe et XIIIme Siècles. Par E. Rey. Paris: Picard, 1883.

3. Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge. Von H. Prutz. Berlin : Siegfried, 1883.

4. Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani, 1097-1291, and AdditaVon R. Röhricht.

mentum.

Wagneriana, 1893–1904.

Oeniponti: Lib. Acad.

5. Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem: 1100-1291. Von R. Röhricht. Innsbruck: Wagner, 1898.

6. Renaud de Châtillon, prince d'Antioche. Par G. Schlumberger. Paris: Plon, 1898.

7. Revue de l'Orient Latin. Eleven vols. Paris: Leroux, 1893-1908.

And other works.

No event of the war has been so dramatic, or has made such a powerful appeal to the imagination, as the liberation of Jerusalem on December 9, 1917, after a Moslem occupation of 673 years. While the name of Athens is full of meaning for the cultured alone, and many excellent citizens are not quite sure whether the Greeks or the Romans came first,' that of Jerusalem is known in every peasant's cottage of Christendom and represents the aspirations of an ancient race scattered all over the globe. But to us Anglo-Saxons the redemption of the Holy City has special significance, because a British general at the head of a force gathered from every part of the British Empire, and aided by our French and Italian allies, has repeated the achievement of Godfrey of Bouillon and the Crusaders, among them a brother of the King of England, and Edgar Atheling, the descendant of our Saxon line, in 1099, and has accomplished what even our lion-hearted monarch failed to do in 1192, and our soldierly Prince Edward in 1271. Thus the aspiration of the poet of 'Gerusalemme Liberata,'

"Sottrare i Cristiani al giogo indegno

Fondando in Palestina un novo regno" (I. 23),

has been realised by Britons from lands whose very existence was unknown at the time of the Crusades.

The present article is not intended to be a drum-andtrumpet history of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem and its almost constant wars, but an account of the organisation and social life of the Crusading kingdom. First, as to its extent. The kingdom of Jerusalem attained its zenith at the end of the reign of Baldwin II in 1131, when it stretched from the Egyptian frontier at El-'Arish, ‘the river of Egypt' of the Book of Numbers, on the southwest, and from Aila, the modern 'Akaba (on the gulf of the same name), the Eloth of the First Book of Kings, and the site of Solomon's Red Sea naval station, on the south-east, to the stream now called Nahr Ibrahîm, which flows into the sea between Beirût and Giblet, the modern Jebeil-about 300 miles as the crow flies. To the east the kingdom rarely overstepped the Jordan except at the triangle of Banias, the ancient Cæsarea Philippi; indeed, in the north it was only 13 miles broad, but in the Dead Sea region it attained a breadth of 100 miles. This did not, however, comprise the whole of the Latin territory. To the north of the above-mentioned stream stretched the County of Tripolis, the foundations of which were laid by Count Raymond of Toulouse in 1102, to the rivulet, now called Wâdi-Mehika, between Maraclée and Valénia (the modern Bâniyâs), which flowed at the foot of the castle of Margat-a further distance of about 100 miles. From that rivulet began the Principality of Antioch, whose first Prince was, in 1098, Bohemond of Taranto, and which at one time extended almost to Aleppo in the east and embraced a large slice of the kingdom of Armenia almost as far west as Tarsus, but latterly extended no farther north than a little beyond Alexandretta. On the north-east it was bounded until 1144 by the County of Edessa, the modern Urfa, founded by Baldwin I in 1098, which began at the forest of Marris and extended eastward beyond the Euphrates; but, owing to the permanent state of war, in which the forty-six years of its existence were passed, it never had any fixed boundaries. Thus, a Syrian writer could truly say that, in 1129, 'everything was subject to the Franks, from Mardin and Schabachtana to El 'Arîsh,' far more than the Dan to Beersheba' of the Israelites.*

* William of Tyre, Bk xvi, 29; Jacques de Vitry (ed. Bongars), 1068-9; Röhricht, Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem,' 191.

The first diminution of the Crusading States was the loss of the County of Edessa in 1144. In 1170, at the other extremity, they were cut off from the Red Sea by the capture of Aila. Jerusalem and most of the kingdom, except Tyre and a few fortresses, fell before Saladin in 1187, and most of the Principality of Antioch and of the County of Tripolis in the next year. By the treaty of 1192, the Christians obtained the coast from Tyre to Jaffa; and Frederick II, by the so-called 'Bad Peace' of 1229, recovered the Holy City, except two mosques, the two other towns--Bethlehem and Nazareth-most closely associated with the life of our Lord, and all the chief pilgrimage roads. Fifteen years later, however, the Kharezmians, a Turkish tribe, finally captured Jerusalem, murdered the Latin Christians, and desecrated the Holy Sepulchre and the tombs of the Latin kings.

The battle of Gaza completed the disaster of 1244. From that time the recovery of Jerusalem was manifestly impossible. The Crusade of the saintly Louis IX was a failure; that of our Prince Edward was weakly supported, ended in a separate peace, concluded by the people of Acre against his will, and was only remarkable for one of the most beautiful stories of conjugal devotion in English history. Meanwhile Antioch had fallen in 1268 before Beibars, the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt; and Jaffa had entered upon the long captivity from which our armies redeemed it on November 17 of last year. The kingdom of Jerusalem was thenceforth a mere phantom of its former self, though kings of Cyprus were crowned kings of Jerusalem at Tyre, with all the pomp and splendour of the Middle Ages. Acre continued to be, as it had been since its recapture by Coeur-de-Lion, the capital of Frankish Palestine, where even on the eve of its fall, as a traveller * tells us, dwelt

'the richest merchants under Heaven, gathered from all nations, where resided the King of Jerusalem and many members of his family, the Princes of Galilee and Antioch, the lords of Tyre, Tiberias, and Sidon, the Counts of Tripolis and Jaffa, all walking about the squares with their golden coronets on their heads.'

There, too, were the head-quarters of the Military Ludolphi 'De Itinere Terrae Sanctae,' 40-1.