nian, made pope by the faction of the nobles; but by a council held at Sutrinum, he was deposed and banished, having sat eight months and twenty days. 160. Nicholas the Second, took from the Roman clergy the election of the popes, and gave it to the college of cardinals caused Berangarius to recant his opinion against transubstantiation, and died in his third year, A. D. 1061. 161. Alexander the Second, a Milanese, inclining to the emperor's right in choosing the pope, was first boxed, and then imprisoned, and at last poisoned by Hildebrand, A. D. 1073; having sat twelve years and six months. 162. Gregorious the Seventh, commonly called Hildebrand, a turbulent man, excommunicated the emperor Henry the Fourth; but after many vicissitudes, the emperor made him fly out of Rome, and die in exile, in his twelfth year, A. D. 1085. He was the last pope whose election was sent to the emperor for confirmation. 163. Victor the Third, an Itakan, defended all the doings of Gregory, but (not long after) he was poisoned by his sub-deacon in the chalice, having sat but ten months. 164. Urbanus the Second, an Hetrurian, excommunicated the emperor, and set all Christendom in combustion, and thence was called Turbamus. He died in the twelth year of his papacy, A. D. 1099. 165. Paschalis the Second, caused the emperor Henry the Fourth to submit to him, and to attend barefoot at his door; also excommunicated Henry the Fifth; interdicted priests marriages, sat nineteen years, and died A. D. 1118. 1130, having sat six years and two months, 169, Innocentius the Second, opposed by an anti-pope called Anacletus. He ordained that none of the laity should lay hands on any of the clergy, and died in the fourteenth year and seventh month of his papacy, A. D. 1143. 170. Celestinus the Second was the inventor of that mad manner of cursing with bell, book, and candle: besides which, it is only said of him, that he died in the fifth month of his papacy. 171. Lucius the Second, a Bononian: he mightily incited men to the holy war. In his time a synod was held in France against Petrus Abelardus, who thereupon changed his opinion. Lucius sat eleven months and four days, and was succeeded, A. D. 1145, by 172. Eugenius the Third, a Pisan; a monk, with the abbot St. Bernard. He would not permit the Romans to choose their own senators, by which a quarrel ensued; that composed, he died, A. D. 1153, having sat eight years, four morths. 173. Anastasius the Fourth, a Roman: In his time was a famine all over Europe. Little is said of him, but that he gave a great chalice to the church of Lateran, and died, having sat one year, A. D. 1154. 174. Adrianus the Fourth, an Englishman: he forced Frederick the emperor to hold his stirrup, and then excommunicated him for claiming his right, and writing his name before the pope's. Being choaked with a fly at Anagnia, he died, A. D. 1159, having sat five years and ten months. 175. Alexander the Third; he excommunicated the emperor Frederick the First, and obliged him to prostrate himself at his feet, when the pope trod upon He sat his neck. He sat twenty-two years, aud died A. D. 1181. 166. Gelasius the Second, a Campanian, was vexed with seditions all his time; some say the Knights Templars had their beginning in his papacy. but one year, and died A. D. 1119. 167. Calistus the Second, a Burgun- 176. Lucius the Third, strove to abodian: he appointed the four fasts, de-lish the Roman consuls, for which he was creed it adultery for a bishop to forsake forced to quit Rome, and retire to Vehis see; interdicted priests marriages. He rona, where he died, A. D. 1185, havsat five years, ten months, and six days, ing sat four years and two months. and died A. D. 1124. 168. Honorius the Second, a lover of learned men: Arnulphus, an Englishman, was murdered in his time, for taxing the vices of the clergy. He died lamented A. D. 177. Urbanus the Third, a Milanese : in his time Jerusalem was retaken by Saladine, with grief wherof the pope died, A. D. 11865, He sat one year, ten monthu.. 178. Gre 178, Gregorius the Eighth, incited the Christian princes to the recovery of Jerusalem; in which endeavour he died, in the fifty-seventh day of his papacy. : 179. Clement the Third, excommunicated the Danes for maintaining the marriage of their clergy; composed the differences at Rome, and died A. D. 1191, in the fourth year of his papacy. 180. Celestinus the Third, put the crown on the emperor's head with his feet, and then struck it off again, saying, per me reges regnant. He sat seven years, and died A. D. 1198. 181. Innocentius the Third, brought in thedoctrine of transubstantiation; ordain ed a pix to cover the host, and a bell to berung before it; and first imposed auricular confession upon the people. He sat eighteen years, and was succeeded, A.D. 1216, by 182. Honorius the Third, who con. firmed the orders of Dominic and Francis, and sat them against the Waldenses : exacted two prebends from every cathedral in England. He sat eleven years, seven months, and died, A. D. 1227. 183. Gregorius the Ninth, thrice excommunicated the emperor Frederick. In his time began the deadly feud of the papal Guelphs, and the imperial Gibbelines. He sat fourteen years and three months, and died, A. D. 1241. 184. Celestinus the Fourth, " a man of great learning and piety," saith Platina; but being ver old (and perhaps poisoned) at his entrance, he kept his seat but eighteen days. 185. Innocentius the Fourth, in a council at Lions, deposed the emperor Frederick. Terrified with a dream of his being cited to judgment, he died, A. D. 1253. having sat eleven years and six months. 186. Alexander the Fourth condemned the book of William de Sancto Amore, sainted Clara, pillaged England of its treasure, and died at Viterbium, A. D. 1160, in the seventh year of his papacy. 187. Urbanus the Fourth, formerly patriarch of Jerusalem. He instituted the feast of Corpus Christi Day, solicited thereto by Eva, an anchoress. He sat three years, one month, and four days, and died, A. D. 1264. 188. Clement the Fourth, the greatest lawyer in France, kad before his election . a wife and three chldren; sent Octobo- 189. Gregory the Tenth, an Italian, held a council at Lions, wherein was present Michael Paleologus, the Greek em peror, who acknowledged there the pro cession of the Holy Ghost from Father and Son. This pope sat four years, two mouths, and ten days, and died, A. D. 1276. 190. Adrianus the Fifth, a Genoese, before called Octobonus, and legate here in England in the days of Henry the Third. He died before he was consecrated, in the fortieth day of his popedom. 191. Johannes the Twentieth, a Spaniard and physician: though a learned man, yet unskilled in affairs: he did many things with folly enough. He sat but eight months. 192. Nicholas the Third, first practised to enrich his kindred. He raised a quarrel betwixt the French and Sicilians, which occasioned the massacre of the Sicilian Vesper. He sat three years, and was succeeded, A. D. 1281, by` 193. Martinus the Fourth, a Frenchman. He kept the concubine of his predecessor Nicholas, removed all pictures of bears from the palace, lest his sweetheart should bring forth a bear. He sat four years, and died, A. D. 1285. 194. Honorius the Fourth, confirmed the Augustine friars, and causedthe white carmelites to be called our Lady's Brethren. Hedid little more, but died, A.D. 1287, having sat two years and one day. 195. Nicholas the Fourth, preferred persons solely out of respect to their virtue, and died of grief to see church and state in a remediless combustion, having sat four years, one month, A. D. 1292. After him there was a vacancy for two years. 196. Celestinus the Fifth, an hermit, was easily persuaded to quit the chair: the cardinals persuading him it was above his ability, he resigned, was imprisoned, and died. He sat five months only. 197. Bonifacius the Eighth, by his ge neral bull, exempted the clergy from being chargeable with taxes and payments to temporal princes; first set forth the decretals, and instituted the feast of Ju bilee, bilee. He sat nine years, and was succeded, A. D. 1303, by 198. Benedictus the Tenth, a Lombard was a man of great humility, desired to compose all broils, but was poisoned by a fig, as some say, A. D. 1303, having sat eight months and seventeen days. After him was a vacancy of eleven months. 199. Clement the Fifth first made indulgences and pardons saleable: he removed the papal see from Rome to Avignon in France, where it continued for seven years. He sat eight years, and died A. D. 1315. In his time the order of the knights templars was extinguished, and the grand master, with many of the brethren, were burnt at Paris. 200. Johannes the Twenty-first: he sainted Thomas Aquinas and Thomas of Hereford: challenged supremacy over the Greek church, and died, having sat eighteen years and four months, A. D. 1234. year 201. Benedictus the Eeventh, a man of that constancy, a; by no means to be swayed from that which he judged to be right. He died A. D. 1312, in the ninth of his papacy. 202. Clement the Sixth a dreadful pestilence in Italy was in his time, so that scarce a tenth man remained alive. He died A. D. 1352, having sat ten years, six months, and twenty-eight days. 203. Innocentius the Sixth, a lawyer, burnt John de Rupe Scissâ, for foretelling shrewd things of Antichrist. He sat ten years, and died A. D. 1362. 204. Urbanus the Fifth, a great stickler for popish privileges; he confirmed the order of St. Bridget: being poisoned, as it is thought, he died A. D. 1970, having sat eight years and four months. 205. Gregorius the Eleventh returned the papal chair to Rome: he excommunicated the Florentines, sat seven years and five months, and died A. D. 1377. 206. Urbanus the Sixth. Gunpowder was invented in his time. He made fiftyfour cardinals, held a jubilee to gather money, and died A. D. 1889, having sat eleven years and eight months. 207. Bonifacius the Ninth, scarce thirty years old when made pope; very ignoFant, and a great seller of church livings, He sat fourteen years and nine months, and died A. D. 1403. 208. Innocentius the Seventh demanded the moiety of ecclesiastical benefices, both in France and England, but was stoutly denied. He sat but two years, and died A. D. 1406. 209. Gregorious the Twelfth swore to resign for the peace of the charch: but a collusion being discerned betwixt him and Benedict, both were outed A. D. 1409. 210. Alexander the Fifth, a Cretan, a man of great sanctity and learning. He deposed Ladislaus, king of Naples and Apulia, and sat but eight' months. 211. Johannes the Twenty-second, of Naples: by his consent a council was assembled at Constance, where he himself was deposed, A. D. 1414. After him was a vacancy for almost three years. 212. Martinus the Fifth condemned Wickcliffe, burnt John Husse, and Jerome of Prague, his followers. He sat fourteen years and odd months, and died A. D. 1431. 213. Eugenius the Fourth, a Venetian, refused to appear at the council of Basil, which thereupon deposed him, A. D. 1447. He sat sixteen years. 214. Nicholas the Fifth, of Genoa : in his time the Turks took Constantinople. He built the Vatican, and died in the eighth year of his papacy, A. D. 1455. 215. Calistus the Third, a Spaniard, sent preachers throughout Europe to animate princes to war against the Turks. He sat but three years, and died A. D. 1458. 216. Pius the Second, an Italian, approved of the marriage of the clergy, and turned out divers cloistered nuns. He sat six years, and was succeeded, A. D. 1164, by 217. Paulus the Second: he exceeded all his predecessors in pomp and shew, enriched his mitre with all kinds of precious stones, honoured the cardinals with a scarlet gown, and reduced the jubilee from fifty to twenty-five years. He sat seven years; died A. D. 1471. 218. Sixtus the Fourth ordained a guard to attend his person; was the first founder of the Vatican library, and 2 E brought brought in beads. He sat thirteen years, and died A. D. 1484. 219. Innocentius the Eighth, of Genoa: much given to excess in drinking and venery. He sat seven years and ten months; died A. D. 1492. 220. Alexander the Sixth first openly acknowledged his nephews (as they call their bastards) to be his sons, was incestuous with his daughter, and died A. D. 1503, of poison; which was given to him, by mistake of his servants, instead of some cardinals, whom he had invited to an entertainment, and for whom he had prepared it. 221. Pius the Third sought to hunt the Frenchmen out of Italy, but died in the interim of an ulcer in his leg, having sat twenty-five days. 222. Julius the Second, more a soldier than a prelate, passing over a bridge of the Tyber, threw his key into the river, and brandished his sword: excommunicated Lewis of France; sat ten years, and died A. D. 1513. 223. Leo the Tenth burnt Luther's books, declaring him a heretic: Luther did the like at Wittenberg with the pope's canon law, declaring him a persecutor, tyrant, and the very Antichrist. Leo died A. D. 1522. 224 Adrian the Sixth, a Low-countryman, made show at his entrance of reformation, but was diverted; the Lutherans began to spread, and the Turks to approach. These, and other things, broke him so, that he died in his second year, A. D. 1523. 225. Clement the Seventh, of Florence: in his time Rome was sacked, and the pope made prisoner by the duke of Bourbon: the pope's supremacy was cast off in England by king Henry the eighth. Some say he died of the lously disease, A. D. 1534. 226. Paul the Third called the council at Trent; prostituted his sister, committed incest with his daughter, and poisoned her husband; attempted the chastity of his niece; found in the fact, he was marked by her husband. He was a necromancer, i. e. an astronomer- He was learned and judicious, and wrote well in verse and prose, and corresponded with Erasmus, and other learned men of his time. He died. A. D. 1549, aged 82. 227. Julius the Third gave a cardinal's hat to a sodomitical boy, called Innoceнtius. In his time Casa, archbishop of Benoventum, printed a book in defence of sodomy. England reconciled to the mother church in queen Mary's days. Julius died A. D. 1555. 228. Marcellus the Second, an Hetruscan; he esteemed the Lutherans worse than Turks; and persuaded Charles the Fifth and Ferdinand, rather to turn their forces against them. He was pope but twen ty-three days. 229. Paul the Fourth, the Neapolitan, a great patron of the Jesuits and the inquisition, in which had been made away one hundred and fifty thousand persons for religion. Being hated for his cruelty, after his death, A. D. 1569, his statue was cast into the Tyber. 230. Pius the Fourth continued the council at Trent, and brought it to an end, and thereby settled and confirmed the interest of the church of Rome; caused it to be received as acumenical. His legates were forbid footing in Eng land by queen Elizabeth. Venery and luxury shortened this pope's days; then succeeded, A. D. 1566, and 231. Pius the Fifth, a Lombard: he commanded the whores in Rome to be married or whipt. He had a hand in the death of prince Charles of Spain, and of our king James's father, and in most of the treasons against queen Elizabeth, whom he excommunicated by bull. He left his seat, A. D. 1571, to 232. Gregorius the Thirteenth, a Bo nonian: the massacre at Paris was by this man's procurement. He altered the ca lendar to his new stile, which anticipates ten days the old account: he excommu nicated and outed the archbishop of Collen, because he married; would have disposed of the kingdom of Portugal, but was prevented. He sat thirteen years, and was succeeded, A. D. 1585, by 233. Sixtus the Fifth, of Marca Ancona: he excommunicated, and praised the murder of Henry the Third of France, by Jaquez Clement: blessed the banner of Spain against England in 1588; quar relled with Spain for Naples, and stripped the the Jesuits of a great mass of money. The cardinal Bellarmine dedicated his controversies to him; yet being asked his judgment of him when dead, said, "He thought he was damned." Sixtus died A. D. 1590. 234. Urbanus the Seventh, a Genoese, ascended the chair after him: of whom there is the less to be said, in that he enjoyed his popedom but one fortnight, and then he left it to who should come after, dying before his inauguration. The seat, not long empty, was supplied by 235. Gregorius the Fourteenth of Milan: he held a Jubilee, and exhausted the treasury of the church, which Sixtus before had sealed by an oath, to be employed in the recovery of the Holy Land: he cursed king Henry of Navarre as a relapsed hereretic. His bulls were burat by the hands of the hang nan. He died of the stone before he had sat one year out. 236. Innocentius the Ninth, a Bononian, for the two months he was in, expressed an hatred against the king of Navarre, and a good liking of the Jesuits. One year, four months, and three days, made an end of four popes; and then came, A. D. 1592, 237. Clemens the Eighth he made Henry of France turn papist to be quiet: was much troubled with the gout, but eased, as he saith, when the archduke Maximilian had kissed his gouty toes. He was succeeded A. D. 1601, by 238. Leo the Eleventh: he came in with this motto over his arch-triumphal pageant, Dignus est Leo in virtute Agni, acciperi librum solvere septem signacula ejus but a fever ended him before he had sat twenty-eight days. 239. Paul the Fifth, an Italian, promoted the powder-plot; interdicted the state of Venice, whereupon the Jesuits were banished. The oath of allegiance to king James was forbidden by breves from this pope. He sat sixteen years. 240. Gregorius the Fifteenth, a Bononian, obtained the seat, elected by way of adoration he instigated the French against the protestants, sainted Ignatius Loyola, and quarrelled with the Venetians. He sat two years, when 241. Urbanus the Eighth, a Florentine, was chosen, A. D. 1623. He ad vanced his kindred. In his time the archbishop of Spalato turned from papist to protestant, and thence to papist again. He was a politer scholar than most of them; and was succeded A. D. 1644, by 242. Innocentius the Tenth, who sat eleven years. 243. Alexander the Seventh was chosen A. D. 1655, sat twelve years, and was succeeded, A D. 1667, by 211, Clement the Ninth, who sat three years. 215. Clement the tenth obtained the chair, A. D. 1670, and sat six years. 216. Innocent the Eleventh succeeded A. D. 1675, and continued thirteen years. He was followed by pope 217. Alexander the Eighth made A. D. 1689, and sat two years. 248. Innocent the Twelfth came in A. D. 1601, and sat upwards of eight years. 219. Clement the Eleventh succeeded A. D. 1700, and sat twenty-one years; dying A. D. 1721. 250. Innocent the Thirteenth was made pontiff; he sat near three years; and died A. D. 1723. 251. Benedict the Thirteenth sat upwards of five years; he dying A. D. 1730. 252. Clement the Twelfth obtained the popedom, which he held ten years: and was succeeded, A. D. 1740, by 253. Benedict the Fourteenth, who sat eighteen years; died A. D. 1758, and was succeeded by 254. Clement the Thirteenth; who died A. D. 1769, and was succeeded by 255. Clement the Fourteenth; who died A. D. 1775, and was succeeded by 256. Pius the Sixth. CHAP. IV. of such Men as have been the Framers and Composers of Bodies of Laws for divers Nations and Countries. It was the saying of Plato, that there was a necessity that laws shou'd be made for men: and that they should be obliged to live according to them; or otherwise, men would differ but very little from the beasts themselves." The reason of this is, than no man is naturally so well composed as rightly to understand what things |