uman lot to what a man is, to what a man has, to how a man stands in the estimation of others.14 e of us has so stable an estimate of himself as to onestly indifferent to the regards of others. The strivings aim, among other things, to secure recog-n.15 No individual's self-complacency is so powlly sustained by inner forces as to dispense with port from without. It is annoying to be looked with scorn by others. Every man has a certain essing dread of his fellow men lest they may not him. Such a dread is especially keen in a person is beset with feelings of inferiority, and any relief may be forthcoming is welcomed. Approbation gs a release, at least temporarily, from the fear ritical judgment. The proud man relies on selfation; the vain man craves the favorable comment is friends. Self-esteem stands in an antithetical ion to the love of approbation. The less a man xs of himself, the more he appreciates compliments. he pleasures of self-esteem are enhanced by recognion the part of others of the qualities which we we possess. The desire for respect is universal. e humblest peasant, whatsoever may be his lowly hile living, is anxious that some little respect may aid to his remains." 16 Bacon remarks that "great ons had need to borrow other men's opinions to themselves happy." 1 The paradox of praise at eulogy is of no value unless it comes from a rior and yet it is irritating to think that the lauder rthur Schopenhauer: Essays, p. 2. Home Library Edition. ernard Glueck: "The Ego Instincts." Journal of Abnormal and ■ Psychology 1921, 16, 222.

Washington Irving: Sketch Book, p. 127. Home Library Edition. rancis Bacon: Essays, "Of Great Praise." 1872.

TH

supposes he is superior. There is a longing to surpass

the praiser.

When a man

If a man want favor is not be his associates encouragement confidence. L love for honor "The love Reigns m The prou The mod

Self-display demands spectators. makes a good drive in golf, he looks around in the hope of finding someone who witnessed his feat. We desire not only to be rich, but to have the reputation of wealth. "We live by opinion; we esteem and love what is esteemed and loved in the world." 18 Not poverty but pretense harasses a ruined man—it is the struggle between a proud mind and an empty purse. The recent report of a bankers' investigation lays the prevalent dishonesty to the fact that people live higher than they can afford in trying to outshine their neighbors. Experiments have shown that the individual tends to overrate himself on qualities that are socially desirable and to underrate himself on those that are socially undesirable.19 There is a distinction between the real self and the one the world sees. Each of us presents a mask or persona by which observers are to judge us. As Jung expresses it, the persona is "that general idea of our nature which we have built up from experiencing our effect upon the world around and its effect upon us. The persona expresses the personality as it appears to oneself and one's world, but not what one is." 20 This mask, of course, is patterned after the type of person that people like. The man with a sense of inferiority takes special pains to put his best foot forward, and where a best foot is not at hand, he disguises a substitute to secure the respect of others. The world's attitude towards a man is of his own making.

18 Quoted by J. Drever: op. cit., p. 30.

"H. S. Hollingworth: Vocational Psychology, p. 302. 1919. "C. G. Jung: Psychological Types, p. 268. 1923.

Iman wants friends, he must be a friend. Where
or is not bestowed, the individual works to convert
associates to a respectful attitude. One word of
ouragement at the right time may turn despair into
idence. Love of approbation expands easily into
for honors.

"The love of praise, howe'er concealed by art,
Reigns more or less and glows in every heart;
The proud to gain it toils on toils endure,
The modest shun it but to make it sure.'

21

en approbation is denied, the integrity of the ego
reatened, anger is stirred, and the reserves of emo-
al energy are called upon to gain the goal in spite
bstacles. Derogatory opinion is a fertile seed of
ition.

very man carries with him enough egoism to in-
the care of his own interests. The issue of those
rests is of grave concern to him. Self-realization
- be extended to the bitter extreme, as we see in
ner, who asserts, "I will get, be, do everything to
timize myself, no matter who suffers, for pity is a
ase." 22
In affirming that selfish purposes have a
m on every person, I am not denying the presence of
uistic motives in addition. We are concerned here,
ever, primarily with the individualistic trends. Man
roud of the fact that he is a human being, as we can
nise from the protest that has been raised so ener-
cally against the Copernican system of the uni-
e-in which the earth is no longer the center of the
nos—and against the Darwinian descent from the
E. Young: Poetical Works, "The Love of Fame, the Universal
ion." 1813.

Max Stirner: The Ego and His Own. 1912.

UNIVERSITY OF KICHIGAN LIBRARIES

lower animals. Each one is as proud of himself as he dares to be. Self-esteem is necessary nourishment for the ego, for "without the counterpoise which is to be found in our self-appraisement, we should be as thoroughly prostrated by the pressure of the indifference and condemnation encamped about us . . . as we should be crushed by the atmosphere surrounding us were it not for the resistance offered by the air contained within our body." 23

EMOTIONS CENTERING ABOUT THE SELF

Conceit is an element in self-respect, though we need not go so far as "Peepstone Joe" Smith, the Mormon leader, who regarded God as his right-hand man, or Pompey, whom Cicero named as a lover of himself without a rival. When a man engages in self-depreciation, he must allay the suspicion of his audience by vouching for his sincerity,-"I really mean it." The listener is apt to suspect that the speaker is "running himself down" as a means of fishing for a compliment. If a person is to extol himself, he must do it indirectly, for others refuse to listen to his recital unless it is disguised. Thus Plato makes the leader of the Republic a philosopher. Another, who believes in heredity, drops the remark that his son is a smart fellow. We have little time to give to the man who proudly recites his accomplishments-he is a bore-because we are too anxious to interrupt with a word about ourselves. "The secret of education," says Adam Smith, "is to direct vanity to proper objects." 24 Man wants recognition, if it has "Translated from F. Jodl: Lehrbuch der Psychologie, II, p. 334.

"Adam Smith: The Moral Sentiments, part IV. 1892.

1896.

›e in the form of criticism, for even that notice is a imony to his importance. The paranoiac believes s being persecuted on account of his greatness. He ssentially a megalomaniac. Life is a competition the winning of prestige, and where some are sucful, others must fail. The urgency of the situation es every handicap of vital significance.

Envy prompts an individual to concede to another
more superiority than the latter can prove with
lity. "Defects and inferiorities, which both arouse
sentiment of pride and are felt to be irremediable,
I to make us envious of those who do not suffer
n them." 25 Jealousy is apt to emerge in one who
izes he is handicapped by an inferiority. Sexual
is inseparable from the self-love which sets the
t of the lover on exclusive possession of the precious
ect. There is in jealousy more self-love than love.
rivation of the loved object is feared because such a
would mean a lowering of self-valuation. Jealousy
gs with it a sense of humiliation because it reveals
eal insecurity which the individual is reluctant to
nowledge.

"ride is the mother of envy and jealousy. The anger
pride constitutes one of the most dynamically po-
elements within the self-regarding sentiment. Pride
elt when a person performs some deed which he
eves is beyond the capacity of others. The super-
we achievement reflects credit on the performer. It
n extension, a glorification, of the actor. Pride
manifest itself in swagger and strut, or in dig-
and stately demeanor, as the sanction to successful
petitive effort. It is the emotion of the sense of
A. F. Shand: op. cit., p.
91.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARIES