evidence for dissension and bad organisation seems complete, while the frequent mention of false alarms proves that the whole army was in a state of nerves' all along. But the editor might perhaps have pointed out that many of the 'Williamites' were by no means confident of the result. The mortality in the English camp during the campaign of 1689 was appalling (p. 96 n.), and the French victory off Beachy Head rendered William's position in Ireland most precarious. Scotsmen will find rather odd the reference to 'Lord' Dundee (p. 207 n.), and it is perhaps worth while remarking that 'Dumbarton's Regiment' (p. 118 and n.) was the famous corps which, under the title of the Royal Scots, became the first regiment of the Line.

J. D. MACKIE.

PAUL THE FIRST OF RUSSIA, THE SON OF CATHERINE the GREAT. By K. Waliszewski. Pp. v, 494. With Portrait. 8vo. London: William Heinemann. 1912. 15s. net.

In this book the Polish historian traces in his usual narrative manner the five brief years in which the Emperor Paul tried to undo the work of his mother, the great Catherine II., years which were regarded as years of terror by the higher classes of his subjects. His despotism, which aimed at being benevolent, became unbearable, owing to the feeling of uncertainty it caused among the nobles living under fear of immediate and sudden banishment, and led to the murder of the Emperor by a court camarilla. The changing foreign policy of the Tsar and his vacillations in regard to Napoleon are well considered, and his relations with his wife, Mlle. Nelidoff, and Princess Gagarine, accurately narrated. A considerable portion of the book is taken up with the question whether Paul was mad or not. Kept within due bounds during his mother's life, few suspected his madness till he came to the throne, but it would seem that his Absolutism and extraordinary conflicting orders prove him to have become mad before the end of his reign.

The author is interesting on the subject of the position of the heirapparent (Alexander I.). He is cleared of the murder, but not of the conspiracy which led to it, and some letters from his young wife show the terror the Tsar inspired. The account of the murder and the 'one mad moment' in which the Empress-widow thought of following the example of Catherine II. is full of vivid writing.

A. FRANCIS STEUART.

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CALVIN. By L. Penning. Translated from the Dutch by Rev. B. S. Bermington, B.A. Pp. vi, 392. With Twelve Full Page Plates. Demy 8vo. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd. 1912. IOS. 6d. net.

THIS is not so much a life of Calvin from a historical point of view as a popular sketch of his career from a rabidly Protestant standpoint. The strict despotism the great Reformer established at Geneva is called at one place a Protestant Sparta,' yet later this tyranny is styled 'the genial direction' of Calvin. The book admits that Calvin desired Servet's death,' but excuses it as being (as it was) 'the error of the age in which Calvin

lived,' and adds that the bearers of the most venerable names in the Protestant world rejoiced' with the comment, and we think this further quotation sufficient: 'It was the Roman Catholic leaven in the Protestant dough.' We cannot commend the English of the translator; he has no system about names, some being in the English, some in the German form. Nor do we think he should have passed the phrase that John Knox was 'sent to the gallows and sighed in slavery for two years.'

Vol. I.,

A SERVICE BOOK OF ENGLISH HISTORY FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 597-1603. Edited by Arthur D. Innes, M.A. Pp. viii, 383. With numerous Illustrations. Post 8vo. Cambridge: University Press. 1912. 4s. 6d.

THIS is an excellent illustrated collection of extracts (rendered into English when necessary) illustrating the history of England from Saxon to the last year of Tudor times. The selection is made with great discretion. Bede, the Old English Chronicle, Chaucer, Ordericus Vitalis, Giraldus Cambrensis, the Rolls Series, Hall's Chronicle, et hoc genus omne, all figure, and in exactly the right extracts. Scotland is not neglected. The Lanercost Chronicle is drawn on for Wallace's Insurrection; John Knox supplies many passages, and, as the Editor points out, records two Scottish disasters as victories of the Reformation; Pitscottie gives the murder of Cardinal Beaton, and from Sir James Melville's Memoirs is his wonderful interview with Queen Elizabeth.

LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Newly abridged and brought down to the Accession of King George V. by Dom Henry Norbert Birt, O.S.B. Pp. x, 651. With seven Maps. Post 8vo. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1912. 3s. 6d.

ABBOT GASQUET's preface to this excellent little book shows the scope of the abridged history before us. It is intended for the use of schools, and (in a way) to supersede the epitome made in 1854 by Mr. James Burke. The work of the Catholic historian has been re-edited and brought up to date. We have read the chapter on Henry VIII. with especial care, and it is striking to see how wonderfully fair the historian was to all parties in that difficult reign.

THE PERSONALITY OF NAPOLEON. The Lowell Lectures delivered at Boston in February-March, 1912. By J. Holland Rose, Litt.D. Pp. 307. With three Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1912. 5s. net.

THE Lowell lectures have now appeared in book form, and, save for certain irregularities in the French names, make a very pleasing volume. Dr. Holland Rose considers Napoleon's constant reiteration that he was 'the man of Destiny' was more a pose than anything else, for no man was so deliberately calculating. His Italian temperament, however, sometimes made his impetuosity defeat his calculations. The writer fully shows his greatness as a soldier, a law-giver, and as (what he aspired to be) the worldruler. He condones his divorce from Josephine and excuses his harshness

to Elizabeth Paterson. He points out that no parvenu has ever advanced his own family more, and that Napoleon did this to his own harm.

It is a valuable study of one of the world's most extraordinary men. ECONOMIC BEGINNINGS OF THE FAR WEST: How WE WON the Land BEYOND THE MISSISSIPPI. By Katharine Coman. 2 vols. Vol. I., xix, 418, Vol. II., ix, 450, with many Illustrations. Post 8vo. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1912. 17s. net.

THESE volumes are a well written and excellently illustrated account of how the Far West was settled. The first volume deals with explorers and colonizers, and the second with American settlers. Both are equally interesting, and a work which includes the beginnings of California, with the 'diggings,' and the beginnings of Utah, with the Mormons, as well as Oregon and the North-West, cannot be without incident; and this book tells what it sets out to tell.

Smuggling in the American Colonies at the Outbreak of the Revolution. By Wm. S. McClellan. (Pp. xx, 105. 8vo. New York: Printed for Department of Political Science of Williams College by Moffat, Yard, & Co. 1912. $1.00 net.) Is an able essay referring specially to the West Indian trade.

We have received the fourth volume of The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, 1727-1733. (Pp. xvi, 487. With seven Illustrations. Demy 8vo. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1913. 10s. 6d. net.) Dr. Elrington Ball edits this volume with the same care as all its predecessors, and gives in an appendix all the really known facts of the relations between Swift and Stella.

The Maryland Historical Magazine, in its issues for June and September, devotes many pages to a record of Maryland's part in the last intercolonial war,' the French and Indian war of 1753-55, when the American British colonial force was under the command of Governor-and General— Horatio Sharpe, prior to the arrival of General Braddock with a force from Great Britain, which marched to disaster in the valley of the Ohio. Other contents include effusive correspondence of a noted divine, Jonathan Boucher, during his residence in Virginia, 1762-64. There are also landnotes, 1634-55; vestry proceedings, 1722-62; and memoranda on a Maryland troop, the Home Guard of Frederick at the outbreak of the civil war in 1861. In the vestry proceedings there are given forms of oaths of abjuration, allegiance, and abhorrence. The last declares detestation of 'that damnable Doctrine and Position that Princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the See of Rome may be Deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever.'

Analecta Bollandiana (tom. XXXI., fasc. IV.) has an article trying to clarify the date and circumstances of the journey of St. Francis of Assisi to Syria circa 1219. There is edited an interesting fragment of a late thirteenth century MS. on the translation of St. Hugh of Lincoln. It has the story more fully told elsewhere of Henry I. in a storm and of his prayer, successful through the merits of Hugh.

Communications and Notes

THE EARLY HISTORY OF GALLOWAY. In reviewing the Report of the Royal Commission on Ancient, etc., Monuments of Scotland dealing with Wigtownshire, my esteemed friend, Sir Archibald Lawrie, pays a just tribute to the devotion and acumen with which our secretary, Mr. A. O. Curle, has discharged his task of survey; but Sir Archibald also takes him to task for accepting 'the old, oft-repeated and only half accurate stories of tribes and missionaries, and kings ancient and modern.'

Let Sir Archibald put the saddle on the right horse. It was I, and not Mr. Curle, who wrote the historical sketch forming Part I. of the Introduction to the Report, and in doing so endeavoured to condense into a plausible sketch the breccia of legend and chronicle wherein the early history of Galloway is entombed.

Sir Archibald probably is too lenient in pronouncing my sketch to be 'only half accurate.' Relying, as one must in this matter, upon statements chiefly of the ut dicitur class, I should be quite content if 50 per cent. of my conclusions could be accepted as trustworthy; but why does my critic charge me with repeating half accurate stories of 'kings ancient and modern'? In dealing with modern kings nothing short of historical accuracy should be condoned; but the latest king referred to in my sketch is Alexander II. (1214-1249).

One gross blunder, at least, I own to. By a schoolboy's lapsus calami I have made Tacitus responsible for the tribes Selgovae and Novantae, whom that historian never mentions. It was Ptolemy, of course, writing 70 years after Tacitus, who located them in the south-west of northern Britain, or rather in the north-west, owing to the distortion of his survey, which placed the Mull of Galloway in the position of Cape Wrath.

Another palpable blunder occurs on page xx of my introduction, whereby Alan Lord of Galloway, who is rightly stated at the top of the page to have succeeded Roland in 1199, is made at the bottom of the page to die in the same year. He died in 1234. My attention has been called to a third blunder. William the Lion was taken prisoner in 1174, not 1173 as stated in the text.

As Sir Archibald Lawrie has not mentioned in his review the statements to which he takes specific objection, I have no wish to enter upon speculative controversy; only this I would submit, that nearly all my statements are expressed tentatively. The right of the Galloway Picts to form the advanced guard of the Scottish army in 1138 appears to have been conferred on them by Kenneth Mac Alpin': the Selgovae are referred to as 'probably inhabiting the shores of Solway': it is uncertain how and in what

degree' the Galwegian Picts became subject to Northumbria, and so on. It is difficult to see how terms less dogmatic could have been employed. Almost the only point whereon I ventured to write positively was in differing from Dr. Skene, who founded certain conclusions upon the remains of numerous Roman camps and stations which are still to be seen in Galloway' (Celtic Scotland, i. 44), and I so ventured because, as may be ascertained from Mr. Curle's survey, such remains existed entirely in the imagination of Dr. Skene's informants.

Monreith.

HERBERT MAXWELL.

A SCOTS DICTIONARY. The time seems to be near when it will be possible to undertake the preparation of a Scots Dictionary on scientific lines. Dr. Macbain's Gaelic Dictionary offers the model that might be followed, a book where origins are investigated with the resources of philology. Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary was a fine performance for its day; but its historical account of the Anglian dialect and its handling of etymologies left something to be desired even in 1808, the date of the first issue, and must now give way to a fresh statement in harmony with the work that has been done during the last hundred years. The Anglian, or North-English, dialect was spoken over an area stretching from the Humber to Aberdeen, so that one finds, as in Mr. Malham-Dembleby's recent volume of Yorkshire tales and ballads, a remarkable similarity between the vocabulary used in the dales watered by the Ouse and its tributaries and that employed in Burns and in Mr. Murray's Hamewith.

Within this large area of Northern Britain influences have been at work tending to separate it into districts, distinguished from each other partly by words endemic in particular regions, these words being enclosed in a vocabulary epidemic in the whole area, partly by peculiarities of pronunciation. Barbour's 'Inglis' in his Bruce represents the classical or literary Anglian speech, but not the Aberdeenshire dialect, with its local stigmata.

As regards the first stage in the compilation of a dictionary, the collection of words, an extensive verbarium already exists. Not to mention formal glossaries, like Dr. Metcalfe's recension of Jamieson and Mr. Warrack's Scots Dialect Dictionary, there are the invaluable series of wordlists appended to the various volumes issued by the Scottish Text Society— the glossaries to such writers as Allan Ramsay, Fergusson, Burns, Miss Ferrier, Galt, Scott, Wilson, Hogg, Thom, Mr. Charles Murray, etc.—that have been or might easily be compiled, and the splendid collections of words in actual use, but nowhere listed, that are being made by the Scottish Branch of the English Association. Manifestly the first step in the formation of a worthy Scots Dictionary would be the reduction of this wealth of material to order. The alphabetical arrangement of the words and the determination of the authority for them would provide occupation for one group of scholars.

The questions of orthography and pronunciation would prove more troublesome, and here a different type of worker would be necessary. The trained phoneticians would have to be called on, and fortunately Scotland already possesses a small group of these. A good specimen of the kind of help to be got from them is supplied in Mr. William Grant's Pronunciation of English in Scotland, published by the Cambridge University Press. Mr.