ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author desires to express his thanks to the following gentlemen for their aid and criticism: Professor John Bassett Moore and Doctor Julius Goebel of Columbia University; Professor F. A. Golder, under whose expert guidance he carried on his researches at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Doctor James Brown Scott, Secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; and Mr. Raymond Buell of Princeton University. The European Background of the BY W. P. CRESSON, Ph. D. 385 COPYRIGHT 1922 BY THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE GIBSON BROS., INC., PRINTERS, WASHINGTON FOREWORD The Monroe Doctrine, which in a few months will celebrate its hundredth anniversary, is one of the few foreign policies advanced by any one of the nations taking part in the World War which bids fair to survive that great catastrophe. While the American and British phases of the Monroe Doctrine are familiar to students of diplomatic history, the materials have hitherto been lacking for an adequate appreciation of the relations between President Monroe and John Quincy Adams, on the one hand, and the Tsar, Alexander, on the other, against whose Holy Alliance President Monroe's message of 1823 was chiefly directed. Mr. Cresson has laid students of history, and more especially of international organization, under a deep and abiding obligation by his researches in the archives of the Russian Foreign Office immediately following the Revolution of March, 1917. He was Secretary of the American Embassy at Petrograd at the time when Professor F. A. Golder was preparing his invaluable list of documents in the Imperial archives relating to America, and, knowing Mr. Cresson's interest in the history of RussianAmerican relations, the authorities of the Provisional Government invited him also to examine the Imperial archives. Mr. Cresson's work more especially related to the personal dispatches of the Tsar, Alexander, and the memoranda in his private diplomatic papers, which had never before been open to students. In the midst of these labors, Mr. Cresson put aside the more leisurely task of writing history for the more arduous task of observing history in the making. He resigned from the diplomatic service, entered the army, served with the American Expeditionary Forces, and ended the war as Chief of the American Military Mission at Belgian Headquarters in Flanders. Upon his demobilization he resumed his interrupted task, and he has recently been able to bring his work to a conclusion by researches in the archives of the Department of State. While Mr. Cresson's work is complementary to the labors of others in the same field, it covers-as its title implies-negotiations carried on in St. |