20. "NACA Research Into Space," 10 Feb. 1958, p. 2; minutes of Executive Committee meeting, 14 July 1952, p. 15. 21. Killian, Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower; York, Race to Oblivion, chap. 6; Andrew J. Goodpaster interview, Washington, 22 July 1974, by Emme and Roland; and James R. Killian interview, Cambridge, Mass., 23 July 1974, by Emme and Roland. 22. Homer E. Newell, Beyond the Atmosphere: The Early Years of Space Science (NASA SP-4211; Washington, 1980), chap. 8. 23. "Spearhead of Progress," Aviation Week, 5 Nov. 1956, p. 21; "NACA, the Logical Space Agency," ibid., 3 Feb. 1958, p. 21; Newell, Beyond the Atmosphere, pp. 6-39, 10-47; W.H. Pickering to Killian, 9 July 1958. 24. Dryden, “The NACA-NASA Transition," p. 2; Killian, Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower; Victory to Vice Adm. Donal B. Duncan, USN, 20 Feb. 1958, in USAF Academy, Victory papers, box 3, general correspondence, 1958. 25. Shapley to "Mr. Veatch," "Status of Amendment to Executive Pay Act proposed by NACA to increase the salary of the Director of NACA," 14 Aug. 1951, with attached note, Finan to RCA, 7 Sept. 1951; National Security Branch (Shapley) to “Mr. McCandless,” “NACA Appropriation Language to Increase the Salary of the Director to $17,500," 8 Oct. 1951. 26. Doolittle to Killian, 24 Mar. 1958. 27. Reliable accounts of how the space act came to be can be found in Alison Griffith, The National Aeronautics and Space Act: A Study of the Development of Public Policy (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1962); Enid Curtis Bok Schoettle, "The Establishment of NASA," in Sanford Lakoff, (ed,.) Knowledge and Power: Essays on Science and Government (New York: Free Press, 1966), pp. 162-270, and Mary Stone Ambrose, “The National Space Program, Phase I: Passage of the 'National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958,'" MA thesis, American University, 1960. 28. "The ultimate potentialities of spaceflight cannot now be fully grasped," Eisenhower wrote to the secretary of defense and the chairman of the NACA on 2 Apr. 1958, the same day he sent the space bill to Congress. Though he made clear in this letter that he intended the new NASA to be the nation's lead space agency, he did state that "the new Agency [would] continue to perform for the Department services in support of military aeronautics and missiles programs of the type now performed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and also provide similar services with respect to military space programs." At a White House meeting on space on 3 Feb. 1958, Donald A. Quarles, deputy secretary of defense and a former member of the NACA, said that in the space area, the “NACA should perform its 'classic' role of research." (Undated notes, apparently prepared by Willis H. Shapley of the Bureau of the Budget from the debriefing given him and others by Maurice Stans, director of the BoB, who attended the White House meeting.) 29. ARPA was created in Feb. 1958, in part to remove the development of new weapons systems from the interservice rivalry in the Pentagon that had spawned the "missile mess" and threatened to spill over into the realm of military space activities, and in part to provide an interim agency to carry on the nascent space program while the administration decided where that program would finally be lodged. The story is told by ARPA's first chief scientist in York, Race to Oblivion, pp. 115-20. See also minutes of the Executive Committee meeting, 15 May 1958, pp. 4-5; Hugh L. Dryden to Eugene Emme, "The 'signed' agreement of April 11, 1958, on a Recoverable Manned Satellite Test Vehicle," 8 Sept. 1965. 30. Senate Special Committee on Space and Astronautics, Hearings on S. 3069, a Bill to Provide for Research into Problems of Flight within and outside the Earth's Atmosphere, and for Other Purposes, part I, 85/2, 1958, pp. 6-7. 31. Alison Griffith, The National Aeronautics and Space Act. 32. See, for example, his 16 Apr. 1958 statement in House Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration, Astronautics and Space Exploration, Hearings on H.R. 11881, 85/2 1958, pp. 401-19. 33. Ibid., pp. 74, 117, 420. 34. Dryden believed that the NACA-USAF agreement was canceled because the Department of Defense wanted ARPA to be the defense space agency. (Letter to Eugene Emme, “The 'signed' agreement of April 11, 1958, on a Recoverable Manned Satellite Test Vehicle," 8 Sept. 1965.) BoB documents make it clear that Killian was at the heart of all administration decisions on space. See, for example, Military Div. to director, “Meeting with Dr. Killian on 'Space' responsibilities," 16 May 1958, and Military Div. to director, "Pending agreement on 'space' responsibilities," 12 May 1958. 35. As early as 3 Feb. 1958, Herbert York and Donald Quarles had agreed that "the only military value [of space] was for reconnaissance." (Shapley, undated "Notes on Mr. Stans' 'debriefing' after White House meeting on 'space' Monday morning, February 3, 1958") 36. The Eisenhower bill submitted along with the space act became the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. 37. BoB, Military Div. to the director, "Status report on 'Space' program and budgetary problems," 10 June 1958. 38. BoB, Military Div. to the director, "Actions needed to resolve pending questions on 1959 'Space' programs," 1 July 1958; ibid., "Further information for 'Space' meeting, Thursday, July 10, 1958," 9 July 1958; ibid., “Air Force 1959 funds and programs to be considered for transfer to and interaction with NASA program," 15 July 1958. On the ARPA attempt to circumvent. the intent of the administration, see BoB, W.E. Gathright to "Mr. Veatch," "ARPA million-pound thrust engine development," 18 Aug. 1958, which brought "into question the whole basis of the recent settlement and, in effect, raise[d] again the question of whether it [would] be possible to draw any workable line (or any line at all) between the space programs of Defense and NASA." See also, Military Div. to the director, “Current status of 'space' problem, 25 July 1958," in which Shapley commented: It seems clear to us that these discussions have degenerated into a bureaucratic struggle for survival as a "space" agency on the part of ARPA. The [Defense] Secretary's main problem seems to be to get a settlement that will keep ARPA happy. The position Dr. York keeps taking makes it unlikely that ARPA will be satisfied unless they get everything they wanted in the first place. 39. Robert Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963 (NASA SP-4101; Washington, 1966), pp. 37-48. 40. See Alex Roland, "Defining Aeronautical Progress," paper presented to the Southern Association for History of the Sciences and Technology, Lexington, Ky., 7 Apr. 1979. 41. Transcript of interview of Victory by Alfred F. Hurley, Colorado Springs, Co., 29 June 1962, p. 2-11. INDEX A-26, 705 AT-5, 661 A3D Skywarrior, 272 ill. Abbott, Charles G., 142 ill., 188, 189, 427, 433 Abbott, Ira H., 345, 353, 361, 380, 385, 387, 487, 490, 499, 719, 720 abolition of the NACA proposals for. See National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. accelerometer, 119, 637 Ackert, Jacob, 705 Adams, Joseph P., 354, 356, 359, 427, 435 Adams, Sherman, 389 Admiralty (British), 571, 572 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 296, 298, 299 Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense. See National Defense Advisory Commission. Aerial Equipment Association, 2 Aero Club of America, 7, 10, 17, 20, 351 Aero Digest, 130, 132, 135, 356, 652, 657, 660, 665 aerodynamics, 92-93, 97, 103, 105, 108, 162, 186, 194, 207, 245 ill., 247, 278, 285, 289, 321, 343, Aerodynamics Division, Langley Laboratory. See Langley Laboratory. Aeronautical Board, 167, 323, 676, 677 Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce, 690, 693 aeronautical intelligence. See National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Aeronautical Patents and Design Board. See National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Aeronautical Research Committee (British), 3-4, 12, 21, 22, 28, 62, 185, 322, 325, 557, 571-72, 595, Aeronautical Society (U.S.), 4-5 Aeronautical Society of America, 42, 330 Air Commerce Act, 61 Air Commerce Act of 1926, 67, 70, 75, 99, 151, 357, 393, 395, 423, 629, 639, 665, 674 Air Commerce, Bureau of. See Commerce, Dept. of. Air Corps, U.S. Army. See Army Air Corps. Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (AERL). See Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory. Aircraft Industries Association, 214, 215, 721, 722, 724 Aircraft Manufacturers Association, 40, 41, 329-30, 336, 604, 605, 607-08 Aircraft Production Board (Council of National Defense), 39, 43, 44 Air Engineering Development Center. See Arnold Engineering Development Center. Air Force, U.S., 398, 399-400 aeronautical research by, 271, 273, 299, 374 membership on NACA, 287, 398, 426, 431, 462-65, 716 and NACA research, 296, 298, 729-30 Scientific Advisory Board, 226, 284 airmail, 33, 51, 141, 327, 634, 635, 636, 640 Air Mail Act of 1925, 71 Air Mail Act of 1934, 152 Air Ministry (British), 104 Air Research and Development Command Ballistic Missile Div., 293 Air Safety Board, 396 airships, 127, 599, 643, 649 airspeed indicator, 118 ill., 644 Air Transport Association, 721 Alison, John R., 427, 434 Allen, Harvey J., 133, 285, 286 ill., 502, 503 Allen, James, 13 Allen, William M., 442 Allis-Chalmers, 189-90, 686, 689 Allison Division, General Motors, 651, 686, 689 Alsos mission (to Germany), 211, 376 American Airlines, 182 American Philosophical Society, 230 American Physical Society, 231 American Rocket Society, 294 Ames, Adelbert, 332 Ames Joseph S., 41, 44-45, 47, 48, 53, 62, 67, 69-70, 73, 76, 77 ill., 82, 89, 90 ill., 92, 100-01, 136, 140, 142 ill., 147, 149, 153, 162, 169, 170 ill., 173, 186, 226, 233, 274, 284, 330-31, 342, 344, 346, 352, Ames, Milton B., Jr., 342, 379, 382, 488, 490 Ames Aeronautical Laboratory (AAL), 170, 174-75, 176, 195, 240 ill., 256 ill., 260 ill., 480, 507, 510 Anderson, Clinton, 294 Anderson, John Z., 159 Apollo program, 297 area rule, 280-81, 286 Army Air Corps, 162, 360, 367 Army Air Corps Act, 70-71, 339, 374, 393, 395-96, 412 Army Air Forces, 199-200, 213-14, 216, 331, 332, 370, 373, 694, 695 Scientific Advisory Board, 184, 203, 217 Scientific Advisory Group, 203 Army Air Service, 61, 81, 90, 334, 478, 630, 632, 633, 634 Army Ballistic Missile Agency Development Operations Division, 293, 730 Army Material Command, 192 Army-Navy Aeronautical Board, 177 Army-Navy-British Purchasing Commission, Joint Aircraft Committee, 185 Army-Navy Munitions Board, 175 Army-Navy-NACA plan of 1 February 1944, 184 Army Signal Corps, 395, 399, 598 Army, U.S., 340-41, 397-98, 399-400, 581, 583, 635, 646, 676. See also Army Air Corps, Army Air aeronautical research by, 7, 21, 53, 87-88, 136, 158, 178, 196-97, 213, 289-90, 299, 343, 596, 598, membership on NACA, 39, 128, 287, 288, 289, 324, 394, 396, 398, 423, 426, 431, 462-65, 601 Scientific Advisory Group, 226 Arnold, Hap, 156, 157, 158, 160, 189, 192, 193 ill., 203, 204, 213, 217, 220, 360, 363, 367, 370, 374, Arnold Engineering Development Center, 214, 216, 219, 271, 376, 377, 386, 400 Arnstein, Karl R., 642, 647 Asquith, Herbert H., 3, 571 Astin, Allen V., 427, 433 atmospheric wind tunnel. See wind tunnel. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 255, 294, 297 Atwood, John L., 442, 488 Austria. See research, European. autogiro, 131, 134, 655, 661. See also helicopter. Automobile Club of America, 579 Auxiliary Flight Research Station, 507 |