be at its boiling-point, and at depths of twenty-five or thirty miles, the metals would have the same temperatures as those at which they respectively melt on the surface of the earth. It is clear from this kind of evidence that the inside of our planet must be in an intensely heated condition.

In many parts of the world Hot Springs occur. To keep up such hot springs in every quarter of the globe there must assuredly be great stores of heat within the earth.

Neither the heat of deep mines nor of hot springs affords such an impressive lesson as to the earth's internal high temperature as is furnished by Volcanoes. The hot vapors and steam which rise from the craters of volcanoes, the torrents of hot water which sometimes issue from their sides, the streams of molten lava which break out and roll far down the slopes of a volcanic mountain, burning up and burying trees, fields, gardens, and villages—are all tokens of the intense heat of the inside of the earth from which they come.

At the present time there are, it is said, about 270 volcanoes either constantly or at intervals throwing out steam, hot ashes, and lava, in different parts of the globe. Even among the perpetual snows of the South Polar regions they have been met with, and also far within the Arctic Circle at the Island of Jan Mayen.

But besides these volcanoes which are still active, many others occur from which no eruptions have ever been seen to take take place, and which are therefore called dormant or extinct.

But in igneous rocks you do not see the only evidence of how the internal heat affects the surface of the earth. There can be little doubt that Earthquakes must be mainly due to commotions which take their origin from the effects of this heat.

Perhaps you will ask, why, since the inside of the planet is so hot, does it not melt the outside, or at least why is the outside not warmer? There can be no doubt that at one time, many millions of years ago, the globe was immensely hotter than it is now. In fact it then resembled our burning sun, of which it once probably formed a part, and from which it and the other planets were one by one detached. During the vast interval which has passed away since then it has been gradually cooling, and thus the heat in the inside is only the remains of that fierce heat which once marked the whole planet. The outer parts have cooled and become solid, but they are bad conductors of heat, and allow the heat from the inside to pass away into space only with extreme slowness. Hence, in spite of the high temperature of the interior, we are not sensible that it warms the outer surface of the earth.

You are already familiar with the fact that bodies expand when they are heated, and contract as they cool. When the earth was vastly hotter than now it must also have filled more space. While cooling it has been contracting. As it is still cooling it must be still contracting, but so slowly that on the whole we are not sensible of the process. But some of the eflects are visible enough among the rocks.

THE CRUST OF THE EARTH. Proofs that Parts of the Crust have been Pushed Up. This solid rocky outer part of the earth on which we live,

into which men sink mines and out of which springs arise, is called the Earth's Crust.

The rocks of which this crust consists belong mostly to the Sedimentary series, a large number to the Organic series, and a smaller, but still considerable proportion, to the Igneous series.

II. Proofs that Parts of the Crust have Sunk Down.

Submerged Forests, are to be regarded as evidence of subsidence of the earth's surface, just as the raised beaches are taken as proofs of upheaval.

The beds of coal, for example, which once flourished as green forests at the surface, are now found buried deep within the earth.

Two facts are now very clear to you about the crust of the earth-1st, it has often been pushed outward, so as to rise above the level of the sea; and 2d, it has also often sunk inward so as to carry parts of the land deep beneath the sea-level. But it could not undergo these movements without suffering other changes.

III. Proofs that the Rocks of the Earth's Crust have been Tilted, Crumpled, and Broken.

The crust of the earth, instead of being made of regular layers one above another, like the coats of an onion, has been so squeezed and fractured, that in many cases the bottom or old est rocks have been pushed up far above the newest.

Wherever, therefore, strata are pushed up or let down more at one place than at another, without being actually broken across, they must be thrown into an inclined position. Now this unequal and irregular kind of movement has taken place many times in every quarter of the globe. If you look at the stratified rocks, in most parts of this and other countries, you will seldom find them quite flat-usually they are inclined, sometimes gently, sometimes steeply, so that they have not only been upheaved out of the sea, but have been moved irregularly and unequally.

IV. The Origin of Mountains.

First of all, then, when any chain of mountains is examined it is found to be made of rocks belonging to one or more of the three great classes with which you are already acquainted In particular, the great mass of most mountain chains consists of various kinds of stratified rocks-such as sandstones, conglomerates limestones, and others. Now you have found that these rocks have been laid down under water, most of them under the sea. They often contain the remains of shells, corals, sea-urchins, or other marine creatures, and these re mains may be taken out of the rocks even at the summits of the mountains. No clearer proof than this could be required

to show that mountains are not so old as "the beginning of things," for these fossils prove that where the mountains now stand wide seas once rolled.

Again, mountains which consist of rocks formed originally under the sea must owe their existence to some force which could raise up the bed of the sea into high land As a consequence of the slow cooling of our planet, its outer crust, under the enormous strain of contraction, has been forced up into

ridges in different places, with wide sunken spaces between. The ridges form mountain chains, while the sunken spaces are filled with the waters of the ocean If you look at a map of the world you may trace out the principal lines of elevation, as they are called, over the globe.

The same forces which have carved out valleys and left mountain ridges standing out between them are still busy at their work. Every year adds to the waste. And thus, although when we gaze at a mountain-chain we know that first of all it was heaved up by movements from below, we nevertheless learn to recognize that all the familia forms which it now assumes have since that early time of upheaval been carved upon it by the very same forces-rains frosts, springs, glaciers, and the rest-which are busy sculpturing its surface still.

V. How the Rocks of the Crust Tell the History of the Earth.

What papers and inscriptions, coins and books are to the historian, the rocks of the earth's crust are to the geologist. They contain all the real evidence at his disposal. What he can gather from them at one place must be compared with what he collects from them at another He must journey far and wide in search of facts which are not to be found at his own door. Gaps will certainly occur, which even the skill and industry of many years may never completely bridge over; for the rocks, as we have already seen, are subject to revolutions quite as destructive in their way as those

which have swept away the archives of cities and nations The geologist, therefore, can only at the best produce an im perfect chronicle. But it is one which has a profound interest for all of us, for it is the story of our own globe-of its con tinents and oceans, its mountains and valleys, its rivers and lakes, of the tribes of plants and animals which people its sur face, and of the advent and progress of man himself.

Geological history brings before us, in this way, many facts well calculated to impress our minds with the great antiquity of our planet, and with the marvelous chain of changes by which the present order of things has been brought about. We learn from it that mountains and valleys have not come suddenly into existence, such as we now see them, but have been formed gradually, by a long series of processes similar to those which are even now slowly doing the same work. We discover that every part of the land under our feet can yield us up its story, if we only know how to question it. And, strangest of all, we find that the races of plants and animals which now tenant land and sea, are not the first or original races, but that they were preceded by others, these again by others still more remote. We see that there has been upon the earth a history of living things, as well as of dead matter. At the beginning of that wonderful history we detect traces merely of lowly forms, like the foraminifera of the Atlantic ooze. At the end we are brought face to face with man-thinking working, restless man, battling steadily with the powers of nature, and overcoming them one by one, by learning how to obey the laws which direct them.

How to arrange a Fancy Fair-Amusements-Refreshment Stall-Flower Stall-Live Stock Stall-Poor People's Stall.

7

How to Get

HE IDEA OF ORGANIZING A FANCY FAIR, on the occasion of subscribing to any charitable institution has become a great feature of the present age. It affords opportunities to many idle people of pleasantly exerting themselves, discovers and brings forward obscure talents, promotes intercourse and amusement, and frequently insures most advantageous returns.

up a Fair.-The purpose for

ch the funds realized are intended should be

arly stated and circulated among all who are wanted to take part in conducting the bazaar, and every means should be employed to secure profitable assistance in the enterprise. A committee of ladies should be formed, and their decisions, when duly weighed and approved, carefully carried out. To them belongs the onus of providing the field of operations and appointing the workers therein.

The two most popular stalls are always the refreshment-stall and the flower-stall. The holders of these must be chosen with much care, or but in

different results will ensue. The latter require special talent for artistic decoration and arrangement, the former for quickness, skill, and neatness. The other stalls are apportioned to such ladies as are willing to undertake them.

A suitable room must now be hired. One long, large room, with smaller ones opening into it, is the best. These latter are used for exhibitions, conjuring rooms, cloak-rooms, etc. School-rooms are just the kind of room required, and are frequently lent for this purpose.

How to Arrange a Fair.-The room must be made to look as artistic and inviting as possible. If evergreens can be easily and inexpensively procured to festoon the walls and wreathe pillars, they look very handsome. The effect can be enhanced by the introduction of natural or artificial flowers.

Sometimes flags and banners are arranged singly or in groups on the walls. They look very well Appropriate mottoes worked on perforated cardboard with shaded wools, or of grouped autumn leaves, or of wadding frosted with glass-powder, add much to the appearance.

The center of the room may be arranged to form a rockery, through which, if practicable, a waterpipe may be conducted, having a jet fixed to the upper end. This serves to keep the plants from withering, and is very cool and refreshing to the assembly. Ferns, geraniums, mosses, and almost any flowers save those with a very powerful odor, may be employed for

this purpose; and when the pots are concealed by means of virgin cork a very pretty effect can be produced.

A very easily-made ornament consists of an ordinary wooden bucket covered with fir-cones, nutshells, short bits of wood, etc. When these have been firmly glued on, varnish the whole with mahogany varnish, or gild it with gold paint. A row of cones placed round the top stands up as an edge. Now get some of the large hedge-ferns and place them in the bucket, concealing the earth by means of moss. If a hole has been made in the bottom of the bucket, the ferns will take no harm. A few such buckets, placed in nooks and corners where they will not inconvenience any one, will look very well. The ferns and buckets can be offered for sale also, to be taken away at the close of the bazaar.

All the windows in the room should be hung with curtains either of lace or muslin, held back by bows of ribbon. They serve to temper the light and give a cooler look to the room.

A platform, if the room has not one already, must be put up, with a piano, harp, etc., placed thereon for the amusement of the company. Programmes should be drawn up, and sold to add to the funds. An agreeable little entertainment can be provided, consisting of recitations, vocal and instrumental music; or a music-stall may be provided, at which a competent pianist shall preside, to play over new music. This will be found amusing to all present, and the music will sell readily. The piano provided must be a good one, but not too loud in tone, so that it may not interfere with what is passing in other parts of the room.

It is a fallacy to suppose that people do not require further amusement than what appertains to the fair proper. When a visitor has made the tour of the room once or twice, examined the articles, and purchased such as please her, she naturally wishes for something more to do. Raffles, etc., are very amusing, it is true, but then all cannot join in every raffle, and somehow things lose their interest when one is not part of it oneself, so to speak. It is very usual to have what is known as a "Fine Art Exhibition."

When skillfully and originally managed this is very amusing. Most people will know what this is, but for the benefit of those who have not seen ore, the following explanation may be useful:-If a small room can be spared for the purpose, so much the better, but if not, a screen placed in one corner will answer the purpose quite as well. Near this stands the keeper with a

number of catalogues, which she sells to the passers-by. She should occasionally call out some of the most attractive features of the exhibition. Behind the screen shelves must be fixed, on which the articles are placed in the order in which they are mentioned in the catalogue. The ingenuity of the keeper of the exhibition must be exercised to provide new ideas, as many of them are now well known, and unless originality is shown the interest will flag. Such articles as a ball of different shades of wool, designated in the catalogue as "A Fancy Ball," "Ruins in China" (a broken plate)," A Peer of Great Britain" (a photograph of Brighton Pier), "The Belle of the Village" (a large dinner-bell), and so on, are all somewhat hackneyed now, but they give some idea of the plan to be followed.

Another amusement, especially for children, is a show called "The Zoological Gardens," or a menagerie. Another screen or room is devoted to this purpose. In the show are several clock-work toys representing various animals. These, when wound up, walk after one another along a shelf or table prepared for them. Sometimes the show is called "Noah's Ark," in which case an ark is provided, into which the animals retire after promenading round the table. This is a source of great amusement to children, and shrieks of delight are frequently heard as each little animal steadily proceeds on its way. The toys can be offered for sale when the bazaar is closing, or be packed away to do duty at some future period.

Frequently one of the side rooms is set apart as a Hall of Magic, in which a conjurer with mysterious feats and witty words charms both old and young.

Of course all these amusements add greatly to the funds, and no pains should be spared to augment them. A good band is always an attraction to any assembly, and if the bazaar be held in the open air it is especially desirable.

The Refreshment-Stall may be said to be the busiest and most prominent stall in the room, and it usually proves very remunerative; the corner in which it is placed is rarely deserted. Everything should be made to look as dainty and tempting as possible. Several assistants are absolutely necessary, each presiding over a different department. One should take the urns, another the sweetmeats, a third the more substantial fare, and a fourth should be appointed ex clusively to take the money and keep the accounts. This last is a most important rôle, and should not be allotted to any but the most conscientiously careful.

This stall can be rendered especially attractive by bonbonnières, which can be made in any shape, either as books or

little cases, and should be filled with sweetmeats or preserved fruit. Many useful and pretty articles may be attached to boxes of sweets, and thus sold. For boys, boxes of sweets, etc., have an especial attraction; and as there is not much for a boy in a bazaar, this feature of the refreshment-stall should not be excluded, if only for their sakes.

The Flower-Stall.-This stall is always, and deservedly, the most attractive. It looks charming indeed if only a little taste and skill be brought to bear upon it. In any large city or town, flowers form one of the most profitable features of the Fair.

The stall may be of a variety of forms. We have seen one in the shape of a huge basket with wreaths and festoons of ivy round the edge, the center being composed of bouquets of growing plants. In another instance it was a ship freighted with flowers. The prettiest style is a kind of grotto, formed of light woodwork entirely hidden by bark and cork. In all the nooks and crevices of the framework pots of ferns must be placed, to appear as though growing there. The flowers rise above this in the form of a tower. Baskets and ornamental flowerpots should be hung from the roof, and filled with ferns, flowers, moss, etc. Another way which has an exceedingly good effect is to have the stall arranged as a bank on which the flowers appear growing, interspersed with ferns, small shrubs, etc. Button-holes, however, find the most ready sale. Almost any gentleman will at least buy a button-hole, though he may be one of those who are perfectly dismayed at the idea of buying anything else.

It will be as well to have a zinc tray to hold the flowers, that they may be kept fresh after having been made up into tiny bouquets.

The stall-keeper, too, must be very careful to notice when any flowers begin to droop and wither. These should at once be removed and replaced by fresh ones if possible; but in any case they must not be allowed to remain, or the whole stall will look chabby.

Live-Stock Stall. This is rather a novelty, and enerally a success. The stall should be rather apart 'rom the others, and not so much decorated, or it will Trove inconvenient. A long table, on which to place the various cages and hampers, is essential. Puppies, quirrels, guinea-pigs, kittens, canaries and other ds, white mice, and a parrot previously educated 1 a manner appropriate to the occasion. These, and any more that will doubtless suggest themselves, ill be found to sell easily. They must be carefully

tended during the time they are offered for sale. Food and water must be given when required, and no one should be allowed to tease them.

Poor People's Stall.-This stall, as its name implies, should be devoted to those articles which are intended to be sold for giving away to the poor. Many ladies living in both town and country have not time for making garments for the poor, but are pleased to buy them when ready-made. Every kind of garment for children-nightdresses, chemises, pinafores, socks, dresses, capes, hoods, babies' caps, comforters, knitted gloves and mittens, aprons, besides garments for adults-will be readily sold. This stall cannot, of course, present the attractive appearance common to the others, but the usefulness of the articles displayed will prevent the returns being insignificant.

HOW TO PREPARE ARTICLES. Soliciting Contributions from Friends-How to Sell-Marking Prices. What can I make for the Fair? is a question that is asked by hundreds of persons every year: a question that is rarely found easy to answer. To combine salable qualities with ornamental-both being necessary in this case-is not always a simple matter. For those who have a table of their own, the difficulty is, of course, increased. They may ask their friends to contribute, but the chief onus falls on the possessor of the stall, and unless abundance of money helps them to a fair haven, there will be many contrary winds to blow them from port.

Soliciting Contributions from Friends.—As in planning a picnic one promises to provide wine, another fruit, a third sweetmeats and so on, so, in making collections for bazaars, the same system should be established; otherwise the unfor. tunate collector finds her stall covered with crewel-work, crochet, etc., as the case may be, while it is destitute of any other attraction. This would be very disheartening, for how is it possible to make the stall attractive with but one feature? The fair canvasser, therefore, must be very careful to obtain the greatest possible variety of contributions in order to insure a ready sale. One friend, perhaps, is gifted with a talent for etching. She should be asked to supply d'oyleys, combbags, brush-bags, &c. Another is a good designer. Let her trace designs on velvet, canvas, etc., for mantel-boards, sofa cushions, footstools, etc., etc. These designs may be worked by some other friend or offered for sale as they are, and wil prove very acceptable to many people who wish to work their own cushions, etc., but who cannot design their patterns.

Another friend, who has a talent for flower-painting, could doubtless be induced to provide handscreens, mats, lampshades, etc., with groups of flowers painted thereon, either in silk, satin, velvet, muslin, or cardboard. Another could sup ply crewel-work, another lace, and so on.

Many clever-fingered girls are unable to aid in a charitable purpose