down, and the tugs slipped under or over the ends of the shafts, according to the formation of the tugs, some being hooks, and others merely leather loops. Care must be taken that they do not slip beyond the pins on the shafts. The traces are now attached to the drawing-bar, the breechen or kicking-strap buckled, and the false belly-band buckled up pretty tightly, so as to keep the shafts steady. In four-wheeled carriages it should be left tolerably loose when a breechen is used, to allow of this having free play. The reins are now untwisted from the terret, and the horse is put-to. For double harness, the first thing is to bring the horse round by the side of the pole, and put the pole piece through the sliding ring of the hames, the groom holding it, or else buckling it at the longest hole while the traces are being put-to; as soon as this is done, the pole-piece is buckled up to its proper length, each coupling rein buckled to the opposite horse's bit, the driving-reins un twisted from the terret, and the two buckled together, and the horses are ready. The leaders of a tandem or four-in hand are easily attached, and their reins are passed through the rings on the head of the wheelers, and through the upper half of the pad terret.

Unharnessing is exactly the reverse of the above, everything being undone exactly in the same order in which it was done The chief errors in either are-in double harness, in not attaching the pole-piece at once in putting-to, or in unbuckling it altogether too soon, by which the horse is at liberty to get back ■pon the bars, and often does considerable damage by kicking ORDINARY DRUGS USED FOR THE HORSE, AND THEIR MODE OF ADMINISTRATION The Action of Medicines, and the Forms in which they are generly prescribed. ALTERATIVES.

Alteratives are intended to produce a fresh and healthy ac tion, instead of the previously disordered function The precise mode of action is not well understood, and it is only by the results that the utility of these medicines is recognized.

1. Stinking hellebore, 5 to 8 grs, powdered rhubarb, 2 to 4 grs Mix and form into a pill, to be given every night.

2 In Disordered States of the Skin.-Emetic tartar, 5 oz.; powdered ginger, 3 oz.; opium, 1 oz. Syrup enough to form 16 bails; one to be given every night.

3. Simply cooling.-Barbadoes aloes, 1 oz. ; Castile soap roz ginger oz. Syrup enough to form 6 balls, one to be given every morning.

4. In strangles.-Barbadoes aloes, 1 oz.; emetic tartar, 2 árms. ; Cas tile soap, 2 drms. Mix.

5. Alterative Ball for General Use. -Black sulphuret of antimony, a to 4 drms. sulphur, 2 drms. ; niter, a drms. Linseed meal and water enough to form a ball.

6. For Generally Defective Secretions.-Flowers of sulphur, 6 oz. ; emetic tartar, 5 to 8 drms., corrosive sublimate, 10 grs. Linseed meal mixed with hot water, enough to form six balls, one of which may be given two or three times a week.

phor, of each a drms. ; ginger, 1 drm. Make into a ball with liquor. ice powder and treacle, and give every hour while the pain lasts. It should be kept in a bottle or bladder.

a. Anodyne Ball (ordinary).-Opium, 1⁄2 to 1 drm.; Castile soap, a to 4 drms. ; ginger, 1 to 2 drms. ; powdered aniseed, to 1 oz. oil of carraway seeds, drm. Syrup enough to form a ball, to be disso.ved in a half-pint of warm ale, and given as a drench.

3. Anodyne Drench in Superpurgation, or ordinary Diarrhœa.Gum arabic, 2 oz.; boiling water, 1 pint; dissolve, and then add oil of peppermint, as drops; tincture of opium, oz. Mix, and give night and morning, if necessary.

4. In Chronic Diarrhea.-Powdered chalk and gum arabic, of each 1 oz. ; tincture of opium, oz. ; peppermint water, 10 oz. Mix, and give night and morning.

ANTISPASMODICS.

Antispasmodics, as their name implies, are medicines which are intended to counteract excessive muscular action, called spasm, or, in the limbs, cramp. This deranged condition depends upon a variety of causes, which are generally of an irritating nature, and its successful treatment will often depend upon the employment of remedies calculated to remove the cause, rather than directly to relieve the effect. It therefore follows that, in many cases, the medicines most successful in removing spasm will be derived from widely separate divisions of the materia medica, such as aperients, anodynes, alteratives, stimulants, and tonics. It is useless to attempt to give many formulas for their exhibition, but there are one or two medi. cines which exercise a peculiar control over spasm, and I shall give them without attempting to analyze their mode of operation. 1. For Colic.--Spirits of turpentine, 3 oz.; tincture of opium, 1 oz. Mix with a pint of warm ale, and give as a drench

two

APERIENTS.

Aperients, or Purges, are those medicines which quicken or increase the evacuations from the bowels, varying, however, a good deal in their mode of operation. Some act merely by exciting the muscular coat of the bowels to contract, others cause an immense watery discharge, which, as it were, washes out the bowels, whilst a third set combine the action of the The various purges also act upon different parts of the canal, some stimulating the small intestines, whilst others pass through them without affecting them, and only act upon the large bowels, and others, again, act upon the whole canal. There is a third point of difference in purges, depending upon their influencing the liver in addition, which mercurial purgatives certainly do, as well as rhubarb and some others, and which effect is partly due to their absorption into the circulation, so that they may be made to act, by injecting into the veins, as strongly as by actual swallowing, and their subsequent passage into the bowels. Purgatives are likewise classed, ac cording to the degree of their effect, into laxatives, acting mildly, and drastic purges, acting very severely

APERIENTS FOR THE HORSE, COMMONLY CALLED PHYSIC.

1. Ordinary Physic Balls.-Barbadoes aloes, 3 to 8 drms.; hard soap

4 drms. ; ginger, 1 drm. Dissolve in as small a quantity of boiling water as will suffice; then slowly evaporate to the proper consistence, by which means griping is avoided.

2. A Warmer Physic Ball.-Barbadoes aloes, 3 to 8 drms. ; carbonate of soda, drm.; aromatic powder, 1 drm. ; oil of carraway, 12 drops. Dissolve as above, and then add the oil.

3. Gently Laxative Ball-Barbadoes aloes, 3 tog drms.; rhubarb powder, 1 to 2 drms. ; ginger, 2 drms. ; oil of carraway, 15 drops. Mix, and form into a ball, as in No. 1.

4. Stomachic Laxative Balls, for Washy Horses.-Barbadoes aloes, 3 drms. rhubarb, 2 drms. ; ginger and cascarilla powder, of each 1 drm. ; oil of carraway, 15 drops, carbonate of soda, drm. Dissolve the aloes as in No. 1, and then add the other ingredients.

5. Purging Balls, with Calomel.-Barbadoes aloes, 3 to 6 drms. ; calomel, to drm, rhubarb, 1 to 2 drms., ginger, to adrm. Castile soap, 2 drms. Mix as in No. 1.

6. Laxative Drench.-Barbadoes aloes, 3 to 4 drms. ; canella alba, 1 to a drms. salt of tartar, I drm.; mint water, 8 oz. MIX.

7. Another Laxative Drench.-Castor oni, 3 to 6 oz.: Barbadoes aloes, 3 to 5 drms. ; carbonate of soda, 2 drms,; mini water 8 oz. Mix by dissolving the aloes in the mint water, by the aid of heat, and then adding the other ingredients.

8. AMild Opening Drench.-Castor oli, 4 oz.: Epsom salts, 3 to 5 oz.;

Astringents are supposed to produce contraction in all living animal tissues with which they come in contact, whether in the interior or exterior of the body, and whether immediately applied or by absorption into the circulation. But great doubt exists as to the exact mode in which they act; and, as in many other cases, we are obliged to content ourselves with their effects, and to prescribe them empirically. They are divided into astringents administered by the mouth, and those applied locally to external ulcerated or wounded surfaces.

1. Astringent Wash for the Eyes.-Sulphate of zinc, 5 to 8 grs. ; water, 2 OZ. Mix.

2. Gou.ard extract, I drm.; water, I oz.

Mix.

5. External Astringent Powder for Ulcerated Surfaces.-Powdered alum, 4 02. Armenian boje. 1 oz.

6. White vitrio., 4 02. ; oxide of zinc, 1 oz. Mix.

7. Astringent Lotion.-Goulard extract, 2 to 3 drms. ; water, pint.

8. Sulphate of copper. 1 to 2 drms; water, pint. Mix.

9. Astringent Ointment for Sore Heels.-Superacetate of lead, 1 drm. ; fard, 1 oz. MIX.

10. Another for the same.-Nitrate of silver powdered, drm. ; Mix. goulard extract, 1 drm. ; lard, 1 oz.

BLISTERS.

Blisters are applications which inflame the skin, and cause watery bladders to form upon it; they consist of two kinds, one for the sake of counter-irritation, by which the original disease is lessened, in consequence of the establishment of this irritation at a short distance from it. The other, commonly

called "Sweating" in veterinary surgery, by which a & discharge is obtained from the vessels of the part itself, which are in that way relieved and unloaded; there is also a subsequent process of absorption in consequence of the peculiar stimulus applied. BLISTERS FOR HORSES.

1. Mild Blister Ointment (counter-irritant).-Hog's lard, 4 oz ; Venice turpentine, 1 oz. ; powdered cantharides, 6 drms. Mix and spread.

2. Stronger Blister Ointmeni (counter-irritant).-Spirits of turpentine, I oz. ; sulphuric acid, by measure, 2 drms. Mix carefully in an open place, and add hog's iard, 4 oz. ; powdered cantharides, 1 oz. Mix and spread.

3. Very strong Blister (counter-irritant).—Strong mercurial ointment, 4 oz. ; oil of origanum, 1⁄2 oz. ; finely-powdered euphorbium, 3 drms. powdered cantharides, oz. Mix and spread.

4. Rapidly Acting Blister (counter-irritant).-Best flour of mustard, 8 oz., made into a paste with water. Add spin's of turpentine, 2 oz. : strong liquor of ammonia, 1 oz. This is to be well rubbed into the chest, belly, or back, in cases of acute nflammation.

5. Sweating Blister.-Strong mercurial ointment, 2 oz. ; oil of origa. num, 2 drms. corrosive sudumate, a drins; cantharides, powdered, 3 Mix, and rub in with the hand.

drms.

6. Strong Sweating Blister, for Splints, Ring-Bones, Spavins, etc.— Red iodide of mercury, 1 to 11⁄2 drm. ; lard, roz. To be well rubbed in the legs after cutting the hair short, and followed by the daily use of arnica, in the shape of a wash, as follows, which is to be painted on with a brush tincture of arnica, i oz. ; water, 12 to 15 oz. Mix.

7. Tincture of Lodine, which should be painted on with a brush daily, until it causes the cuticle to exfoliate. It may then be omitted for a few days, to be resumed after that interval.

CAUSTICS.

Caustics are substance which burn away the living tissues of the body, by the decomposition of their elements. They are of two kinds, viz.-first, the actual cautery, consisting in the application of the burning iron, and called Firing, and, secondly, the potential cautery, by means of the powers of mineral caustics, such as potash, lunar-caustic, etc.

Firing is used extensively upon horses for inflammation of the legs. A set of firing-irons is heated to a great heat, and, one at a time, are lightly applied across the limb, or in lines up and down, according to the nature of the disease. This excites a very great amount of swelling and inflammation, by which the mischief is often abated, and is followed also by a contraction of the skin, which appears to act as a bandage in the weak state of the vessels of the legs which often occurs. The firing is generally followed by blistering, in order to keep up the inflammation, and at least three months must be consumed before the fired horse, if thoroughly operated on, will be fit for work.

Strong solid caustics are as follows:

1. Fused Potass, difficult to manage, because it runs about in all direc tions, and little used in veterinary medicine.

2. Lunar-Caustic, or nitrate of silver, very valuable to the veterinary surgeon, and constantly used to apply to profuse granulations.

3. Sulphate of Copper, almost equally useful, but not so strong as lunar-caustic; it may be well rubbed in to all high granulations, as in broken knees, and similar growths.

4. Corrosive Sublimate in powder, which acts most energetically upon warty growths, but should be used with great care and discretion. It may safely be applied to small surfaces, but not without a regular practitioner to large ones. It should be washed off after remaining on a few

minutes.

5. Yellow Orpiment, not so strong as the corrosive sublimate, and may be uesd with more freedom. It will generally remove warty growths, by picking off their heads and rubbing it in.

Strong bonid caustics —

6. Sulphuric acid, or nitric acid, may be used either in full strength er diluted with an equal quantity of water bu i must be used with great caution as it destroys the skin rapidly

9. In Canker of the Foot.- WICKSILVER 1 oz., nitric acid, a Dz. Mu in an earthen vessel, and when cold put into a wide glass bottle, and cork it. it may be mixed with ard in the proportion of 100 %

8. A similar application, which may be used alternately with the ast -Copper filings, 1⁄2 oz.; nitric acid, 1 oz. Ma, and use in the same way

9. Muriate of antimony, caled butter of antimony; « strong but rather unmanageable caustic, and used either by itself or mixed with

more or less water

Mud soud caustics :

10. Verdigris, either in powder or mixed with lard as an ointment, in

the proportion of 1 to 3.

11. Red precipitate, do, do,

12. Burnt alum used dry.

13. Powdered white sugar,

Miid quid caustics ~

14. Solution of nitrate of silver, 5 to 15 grains to the ounce of distilled

water

Is Solution of diue Vitriol, of about double the above strength. 16. Chioride of zinc, 3 grains to the ounce of water.

CHARGES.

Charges are adhesive plasters which are spread while hot on the legs, and at once covered with short tow, so as to form a strong and unyielding support while the horse is at grass.

1. Ordinary Charge.-Burgundy pitch. « oz. Barbadoes tar 5 oz.; beeswax, a oz. red lead, 4 oz. The arshree are to be me.ted together, and afterwards the lead is to be added. The mixture is to be kept constantly stirred unti. sufficiently cold to be app.ed too stift which wil depend upon the weather) it may be softened by the addition of a little lard or ou

2. Arnica Charge.-Canada balsam, a oɛ. ; powdered arnica leaves. Koz The balsam to be meited and worked up with be eaves, adding spirits of turpentine if necessary When thorougn.y mixed to be wel rubbed into the whole egna thin ayer and to be covered over with the Charge No. 1, which will set on its outside and act as a bandage, while the arnica acts as a restorative to the weakened vessels. This is an excellent app.canon.

CORDIALS.

Cordials are medicines which act as warm temporary stim alants, augmenting the strength and spirits when depressed, and often relieving an animal from the ill effects of over-exertion. They act much in the same way on the horse and dog but require to be given in different doses.

1. Cordial Balls.-Powdered carraway seeds, 6 drms.; ginger, s drms., oil of cloves, 20 drops. Treacle enough to make into a ba

2. Powdered aniseed, 6 drms. powdered cardamoms. a arms. : powdered cassia, 1 drm. ; oil of carraway, 20 drops. Mix with treacle into a ball.

3. Cordial Drench.-A quart of good ale warmed and with plenty of grated ginger.

Diuretics are medica es which promote the secretion and discharge of urine, the effect being produced in a different manner by different medicines, some acting directly upon the kidneys by sympathy with the stomach, while others are taken up by the blood-vessels, and in their elimination from the blood cause an extra secretion of the urine. In either case their effect is to diminish the watery part of the blood, and thus promote the absorption of fluid effused into any of the cavities, or into the cellular membrane, in the various forms of dropsy.

: Stimulating Diuretic Ball for the Horse. — Powdered resin, sai prunele, Castle soap, of each 3 arms. ; oll of juniper, 1 arm. Μιχ.

2. A movi Cooking Deuretic Ball.-Powdered after, ★ to x oɛ. ; camphor and of per cach z hrth., scup, 3 drine. Ma adding m0Seed Les bo o torta

3 DEL MOæder for a task.-Niter and resin, of each to £ 0. Μιχ.

4. Another more Active Powder-Niter, 6 arms. ; camphot, 11⁄2 drm. Mix.

EMBROCATIONS.

Embrocations or liniments are stimulating or sedative external applications, intended to reduce the pain and in flammation of internal parts when rubbed into the skin with the hands.

1. Mustard Embrocation. -Best tour of mustard, 6 oz. ; liquor of ammonia. 02. on of turpentine, 11⁄2 oz. Mia with sufficient water t torm a thin paste.

2 Stimulating Embrocation.-Camphor, oz. ; oil of turpentine and spirits of wine, of each oz. Mix

3. Sweating Embrocation for Windgalls, etc.-Strong mercurial oint ment, a oz., camphor, oz.; oil of rosemary, 2 drms. ; spirits of turpen. tine, oz. Mix.

4 Another but stronger.-Strong mercurial ointment, 2 oz. oil of bay, oz. oi. of origanum, oz.; powdered cantharides, o Mix.

5. A most Active Sweating Embrocation.-Red todide of mercury, to drm., powdered arnica leaves, 1 drm.; soap liniment, a Mix.

6. This must be repeated until a blister is raised, which usually takes swo or three appications. It may then be omitted for a week,

EMULSIONS.

Emulsions are very useful in the chronic cough of the

horse.

1. Simple Emulsion. —Linseed oil, a oz. ; honey, 3 oz.; soft water, I pint; subcarbonate of potass, I drm. Dissolve the honey and potass in the water; then add the unseed oil by degrees in a large mortar, when it should assume a milky appearance. It might be given night and morning

2. Another more Active Emulsion.-Simple emulsion, No. 1, 8 oz.; camphor, árm. ; opium in powder, drm.; oil of aniseed, 30 drops, Rub the last three ingredients together in a mortar with some white sugar; then add the emulsion by degrees.

Fever medicines are given to allay fever, which they do by increasing the secretions of urine and sweat, and also by reducing the action of the heart.

1. Fever Ball.-Niter, 4 årms. ; camphor, I dr. calomel and opium, of each 1 scruple. Linseed meal and water enough to form a bali. a. Another.-Emetic tartar, 1 to a drins, ¡ compound powder of tragacanth, a drms. Linseed meat as above.

3 Another-Niter; 1 oz. camphor, a drms. Mix as above.
4. Cooling Mash.-Niter, 1 oz., may be given in a bran mash.

5. Cooling Drench.-Niter, x oz. ; sweet spirits of niter, a oz. ¡ tincture of digitalis, a arms. ; whey, 1 pint.

CLYSTERS.

Clysters are intended either to relieve obstructions or spasm of the bowels, and are of great use. They may in the general way be of warm water or gruel, of which some quarts will be required in colic. They should be thrown up with the proper syringe, provided with valves and a flexible tube.

1. Turpentine clyster in colic, see ANTISPASMODICS. 2. Aperient clysters, see APERIENTS.

3. Anodyne Clyster in Diarrhea.-Starch, made as for washing, 1 quart; powdered opium, 2 drms. The opium is to be boiled in water, and added to the starch.

LOTIONS.

Lotions are liquids applied to the external parts when inflamed, and they act by reducing the temperature, and by giving tone to the vessels of the part.

1. Cooling Lotion in Stiffness from Bruises or Work.-Tincture of

arnica, 1 drm.; spirits of wine, 7 drm. Mix and rub well into the parts, before the fire, with the hand.

2. For Internal Canker.—Nitrate of silver, 10 grs. ; distilled water, 1 oz. Mix, and drop in every night.

3. Cooling Lotion for External Inflammation.-Goulard extract, I oz.; vinegar, a oz. ; spirits of wine, or gin, 3 oz ; water 1 pint. Mis and apply with a calico bandage.

4. Another, useful for inflamed Legs or for Galled Shoulders or Back.-Sai ammoniac, oz.; vinegar, 4 oz. spirits of wine, s oz.; tincture of arnica, a drms. ; water, pint. Mia.

5. Lotion for Foul Ulcers.-Sulphate of copper, s oz.; nitric acid, oz. ¡ water, 8 to 18 os.

OINTMENTS.

Ointments are greasy applications, consisting of a powerful drug mixed with lard, or some similar compound, and thus applied to the sore; they are generally more properly described ander the several heads for which they are used, (See ASTRINGENTS, ANODYNES, ETC.)

STIMULANTS.

By this term is understood those substances which excite the action of the whole nervous and vascular systems; almost all medicines are stimulants to some part or other; as, for in. stance, aperients, which stimulate the lining of the bowels, but to the general system are lowering. On the other hand, stimulants, so called, excite and raise the action of the brain and heart.

1. Old ale, 1 quart; carbonate of ammonia, % to 2 drms. ; tincture of ginger, 4 drms. Mix, and give as a drench.

a. For other stimulants, see CORDIALS.

STOMACHICS.

Stomachics are medicines given to improve the tone of the stomach when impaired by bad management or disease.

1. Stomachic Ball.-Powdered gentian, 1⁄2 oz ; powdered ginger, 11⁄2 drm.; carbonate of soda, i drm. Treacle to form a bail.

a. Another.--Cascarilla powdered, 1 oz ; myrrh, 11⁄2 drm.; Castile soap, arm. Mix, with syrup or creacie, into a bail.

3. Another Powdered colombo, 102; powdered cassia, & drm.; powdered rhubarb, a drins. Mix as in No a.

When fowls get ill and die, without any apparent cause, careful observation may generally trace it to one or other of a few fertile sources of evil to them. They have been overcrowded, they have had too much pampering, or they have had too little care. All fatal faults in feeding come under one of the last two heads.

If the apparent health and appearance of the fowls be not satisfactory, visit the hen-house after it has been some hours shut up at night, and if the air be 'offensive there need be no further quest after the cause of illness or other evil there may be among the living beings breathing its close atmosphere for many hours.

The remedy should at once be applied by decreasing the number of fowls, and by giving increased ventilation.

A hen-house 6 or 8 feet square will do well for seven old fowls, or one large brood of chickens. More crowding will not lead to a good result; so if the increase of the stock seems to render it necessary, consider means for housing the youngsters out of doors, in coops or by other contrivances, rather than overfill the houses.

Fowls, even the tallest, live and breathe very near the surface of the ground; and when the earth becomes foul from having had live stock on it for some time, they cannot fail to inhale the malaria engendered by it. Human beings in such an atmosphere would fall in as great proportional numbers as do the fowls of the most unfortunate amateurs; sanitary measures in their case stop epidemics, and they are the remedies to use with our fowls, or we must not look to have them prosperous and healthy.

The most valuable sanitary measure for the fowls is to renew the surface of the runs by paring from time to time. Spring is a good time to do it, when the pared-off surface, rich with guano-like manure,

is a valuable strong fertilizer. Duck and pigeon manure are the strongest.

pure

Means must be taken to dry the runs, made by paring. Low damp ground should be drained. Excellent runs may be made by paring the ground one spit deep, i. e., a foot, good measure, and filling in with a depth of nine inches of chalk and three of gravel.

Sometimes, when paring would be too trouble