names, it would have been better to have avoided this nomenclature, seeing that they are not Chinese and there are more happy ways of expressing the same thing. In the name of the ethmoid bone, the transposition of the two characters is more euphonious and is the usual way, joining the two words shai-lo. The word hsieuh is used for both fossa and sinus. In another place we have the character given for fossa; why not make the translation uniform by translating the same terms of the same words where it is at all possible? In this respect there is great want of uniformity in the work. On the other hand there are different things indicated by one and the same name, as, for example, alveolus, aveolar process, ridge, and arch by ya-tso. In the North we invariably use ya-tsao #. In every case the eye is put for the orbit, surely a serious misunderstanding. The orbit is yen-wo and occurs so only once, when by itself. Plate is invariably translated p'an, when pan and p'ien ✈ would frequently be nearer the idea of lamina. The mental foramen is called simply the inner opening of the bone, when besides its indistinctness, it is on the external aspect of the bone. Elsewhere, however, it is called outside hole. The internal foramen is simply called inner hole, the same name precisely as the other. as the other. It is properly the inferior dental opening. The proper word for chin in Chinese does not occur once in the bone names but appears in naming an artery, when the submaxillary is so-called. The sub-mental is incorrectly called The term chi is used for all sorts of eminences whether spines, ridges or lines. In many cases the character expresses the object much too strongly. The lymphatics are called hsi-ho †, the addition of ye or chin-ye would have made their function apparent. Mucus membranes are called p'i-nei-ins'e id I suppose of nei-pi-which relate to two different things. It is alike awkward that three membranes, as such, should have each a different style of rendering, one is called p'i, supposing the above to have been an error, another is called moh and a third i. The word moh should have been applied to them all. The retina is called both and moh. The word sz is used for fibrin, fibres and filaments. The sphenoidal fissure is called the long opening . All such names that are not distinctive should, as far as possible, be avoided. In another place the foramen lacerum anterium in the base of the brain, which is the same opening, is called the front opening of the base of the brain. The hard palate is called the palate plate, but how about the soft palate? Is this a wrong character for a curtain. The Chinese here call the whole roof of the mouth shangtang. The word kung is applied indiscriminately to openings,

canals, etc. In other places canals are called kwan. The canals and vessels contained therein are not distinguished.

The sacrum is called kou I suppose from its hooked appearance. The Chinese books call it fang . This nomenclature leads to an enormous number of mistakes in naming nerves, arteries, veins, ligaments, muscles, articulations, foramina, etc., which we cannot stop to point out. Sufficient to point out the fundamental error. The names of the sternum as head, body, and tail, are distinctive enough but they are not Chinese. The Chinese have names for all these parts. I felt inclined to take strong exception to the term for scapula chienchia-kuh. The word adopted I have found, however, in one Chinese book. I do not like the above called by a character that has flesh for its radical. It is given correctly in Williams' dictionary as the part under and between the shoulder blades. There were several other names which might have been used more appropriately. We have such names as pi-pa 琵琶,ha-la-ba 哈剌巴,fun-chih 飯匙, pei-liang, and probably every province has a different word for it. The olecranon is called the head of the ulna, a perfectly good. name but not Chinese. The Chinese believe there is inseated here an extra bone which they call the elbow bone chow; this process therefore of the ulna might have been called after the Chinese term. The Chinese names for the bones of the arm and leg are in the utmost confusion. Hobson's terms, those adopted by our author, are intelligible, and the four extremities are made to agree. The Chinese difficulty lies in the humerus and femur, various names having been given to these bones. Indeed the confusion in Chinese arises from their being more names than bones, and the desire to apportion out all the names in the belief that there must be that number of bones. The os innominatum is translated from the Latin, the nameless bone

The Chinese have no such name. They apply the name to the ring finger. The reason for the adoption of this term is obvious on closer inspection: there is a difficulty in naming the bone according to its three pieces, as developed from three centres of ossification. The Japanese have borrowed the name for ilium, like ourselves, from the part of the intestines that lie near or within the expanded portion of the bone, forming the haunch or flank. Dr. Osgood has set apart the word kwa for the ilium, but it has this great disadvantage that it is applied by the Chinese to the whole bone. The ischium is called kau. Here is another mistake. Happy would it be if we could accommodate ourselves after this manner, by taking the name of a contiguous part and applying it to a part we wish to name. If we had certainly no other name, such a plan might be justified, although it

would always be safer to coin a term than adopt one that has already a fixed significance in Chinese and is invariably applied to another part. Kau is not the ischium but the coccyx, or at least the elevated part between the sacrum and coccyx-the rump as it were. The pubis is called chiau. To this there is no objection, although properly it refers to the symphysis pubis or articulation between the pubes. The symphysis is called the middle joint, which is not happy, but having taken the term to mean the pubes, no resource was left. The Chinese have a name for the pubes which is exactly the translation of our word pudic, which would have suited for pubes and left chiau-kuh, free for the symphysis. The pelves is called pen. The Chinese call it p'an. The basin may be deeper than the word pěn justifies, still the term is Chinese and therefore to be adopted. The acetabulum is called ch'wang, a word meaning to pound in a mortar. I do not understand why this character should have been used instead of the word for mortar simply, which is elsewhere used for socket. If our remarks are correct about the os sacrum, it will be necessary to change the name of the cuboid bone, which is here called fang-kuh. There is no particular reason why it should be so called. Hwai-lun-kuh for the astragalus is the ankle-joint-bone-is

happy enough, but Hobson's term

quite as good, and is more distinctive and expressive and has the merit of use. The astragalus and os calces are transposed in Hobson's, one of the very few mistakes in the work, showing the care with which the Vocabulary was brought out, and which contrasts so favourably with the work under review; which the reader by this time, if he has had the patience to follow us so far, must admit contains many blemishes which should have been rectified. The phalanges of the foot are in one place correctly put with foot radical; in another place with the hand radical. Both are used, but why not have kept to the one which distinguishes between fingers and toes. I am astonished at the feebleness exhibited in naming the teeth,-the cutting, long, small and large applied respectively to the incisors, the canine, the biscuspids and the molars. I do not know what they are in Fuhkien, but in Northern China and in Chinese books they are called měn, hu pien and tsao, respectively, that is door, tiger, side, and grinding teeth. The superciliary ridge is translated the ridge above the eye, which is prefectly good and correct, but we happen to have a well-known Chinese term, wei-leng-kuh for the part in question, which every body knows. The tuberosities of the former are transposed in Chinese. There is no Chinese equivalent given for the groove of the lateral sinuss. The Stapedius and Laxator tympani

ken

muscles of the ear are transposed. The tensor tympani, between the two, is however correct. Eye ligament and eye muscle are hardly adequate to represent ciliary ligament and muscle. The coats of the eye are very beautifully and consistently named, but they have the merit, for two of them, at least, in not being Chinese. Here the Chinese has been sacrificed to give harmony to the foreign noinenclature, and I am not sure that this ought not, in some cases, to be adopted. Once they are understood there is no difficulty. Meatus appears as hole, k'ung, in the ear bone, but as road in the nose, and, k'ow, mouth in another place. The vasa vasouers are curiously termed. The alimentary canal is termed yang-sheng-lu, the usual name being the yinshih-tao. The pharynx is called the head of the œsophagus (Î the usual word being hew-lung. The gums are called yain place of ya-chwang. The fauces are given as pharnyx door the Chinese word being yen. The little tongue() is given. for uvula-the colloquial expression-for t'iau-chung, the book term. The printing of the Vocabulary of the Nervous System is also lamentably deficient. Such proof reading if not done under the author's eye, should at least have had a professional superintendence by some one not ignorant of Chinese. I would strongly advise to have the Vocabulary reprinted. If the Vocabulary be in this state, we leave the reader to judge of the body of the work. English and Chinese are so frequently transposed, the lines are so out of joint and out of line, that it is next to impossible for a person ignorant of the subject to know to what the terms refer. Take the first eight lines on both sides, English and Chinese, of the Neurology list, and I defy any unprofessional man ignorant of Chinese to make out the proper divisions meant. In the printing, commas are used at the beginning of this chapter to represent ditto for "The," which does not stand in any obvious connection," as e.g. ",, spinal cord," which ought moreover not to be included in the encephalon at all, but one of the two parts into which the cerebro-spinal axis is divided. The Chinese is quite as perplexing. The nervous system is called nao-chi-kën, and the spinal cord is also so designated. This latter is evidently wrong, it cannot possibly be the root of both brain and spinal cord. The simple use of chi used in the other parts for ridge or any elevation and applied, coupled with bone, to the vertebral column, is surely out of place here, without sui marrow connected with it. A good name for the cord is sui-hsi The same error occurs in naming the medulla oblongata; the não ought to have been omitted, for it is not the head of the brain and spinal cord, but only the head of the latter. Once and again the mistake of calling the spinal cord the brain vertebra root is made.

The following terms are either unhappy, improper, or unintelligible, such as nao-tse for the corpora albicantia. This character F, in the North at least, is not understood and consequently never used. The corpora quadrigemina are named the double sons (), thus perpetrating the use of the same unknown character. The four bodies (1) would have been a much better expression. The naming of the twelve pairs of cranial terms is very faulty. The first or olfactory, a special nerve of sense, is called simply the nose-brain nerve (G). This term of course includes nerves of smell and also nerves of common sensation, which ought to have been strictly avoided. The second or optic is called simply the eye nerve (). Here the confusion is even greater, for we do not know whether it applies to the name of special sense of sight, to the one moving the eyeball, to the abducens or external rectus nerve, or to the pathetic or trochlear. The same remarks apply to the auditory nerve, called simply the ear nerve (F 腦筋). The sz-sieu 司, sz-shih 司視 and sz-ting 司聽 would have been far more preferable terms for the olfactory, optic and auditory nerves. The trochlear nerve which supplies the superior oblique muscle is called the little brain nerve (J) for the sole reason that it is the smallest of the cranial nerves. There is nothing distinctive about this, and it should either have had its name from the muscle which it supplies or from its function of rotating the eye. The trifacial is simply called the nerve of three divisions (E), whereas it might have been called the great sensitive nerve of the head and face. The 6th or abducens is called the external eye of the nerve, () to which no objection can be offered, although the external straight muscle would have suggested a better appellation. The portio dura is called the nerve of the face (mien). It might have been called the motor nerve of the head and face. For face it is perhaps better to use lien for mien, as the other and very common use of mien is for the mere surface of a thing. The name given to the 9th pair, the nerve of the head or top of the œsophagus is clumsy, the tongue and pharynx, the parts to which it is distributed would have suggested something better. The pneumo gastric is simply called the long nerve, (E) which fails in distinctiveness. The parts to which it is distributed, lungs, heart and stomach, or the first and last, as we express it, would have been expressive. The spinal accessory is called the nerve of two portions. (). This is not definite enough. The 7th has also two portions. The idea of course is one portion as cranial and the other as spinal, but it might have got its name from its function of assisting the pneumo gastric. The hypoglossal is called the nose nerve, (4) evidently a printer's mistake for tongue. A distinction is sought to be made