stand and especially if the work reviewed were not in his hands. The ethmoid plate of the ethmoid bone ought to have been called cribriform plate. Fah () applied to hair in general is applicable to the hair of the head only. Mau-fah (E) together or the former character alone denote what is desiderated. Elastic bone for cartilage is unnecessarily clumsy when the word ts'ui () itself would have been sufficient. Originally it meant cartilage, and its later significations are derived from its brittleness. The Japanese call it jwan-kuh (††). Popularly the Chinese here call it tsui-kuh. It has flesh for its radical which indicates its origin, and the native dictionaries apply it to cartilage. Williams' dictionary takes no notice of this signification. The word for pancreas tien-jew(), sweet flesh is the word adopted by Hobson. The word i (), from which soap is manufactured and by which it is so called in Northern China, that of the sheep among the Mahommedans and that of the pig among the Chinese, refers to the pancreas. In the i-linkai-so(), it is called tsung-ti (), this viscus being supposed to hold all the others together. The Japanese have adopted the term ts'ui (). The word adopted by Hobson for pharynx is how-lung (), and hitherto I have followed his nomenclature; but investigation of the subject has long convinced me that he is wrong in his application of the term. The Chinese are not at all clear as to the air passage or larynx and the food passage or œsophagus. They speak in a general way of how-lung or sang-tsï in the North for throat but fail to distinguish the anatomy of the parts. The brass man figure plates, sold at Peking give fei-kwan (ii) lung vessel, headed with ch'i () air and the other as hsi-měn ( ) inspiratory door, headed by shih (1) food. The hsi-měn is doubtless here an error for shih-kwan or yên-měn (). Dr. Williams in his dictionary under how tells us that the word is used indifferently for either passage, but that it properly belongs to the gullet. This statement, I fear, is without foundation. I have consulted many Chinese medical works and they all agree that for the last 4,000 years, how and how-lung have been applied to the larynx and yen () to the oesophagus and we ought to adopt this use of the terms. It leave us without terms for pharynx and fances. Dr. Osgood's shih-kwan-tew (1) for the former or head of the gullet is correct enough but clumsy and inconvenient in combinations, and this part enters very largely into the names of muscles, nerves, etc. The single character yen (H), or yen-tew (P), the latter adopted by the Japanese, is amply sufficient. All below this is the shih-kwan. The larynx is called sheng-kwan () voice tube which is expressive enough, but not to equal the native how. The Japanese call the larynx how-tew(). The Pomum Adami is called chich-how () in

Chinese. From the use of this combination instead of how-chieh, which it seems it ought to have been more properly termed, I had for years been in the habit of using this term for larynx. A man with a good voice is said to have a good how-lung. The term chieh-how applied to Adam's apple indicates the true position of the how. It is exceedingly convenient to have such terms denoted by one character. Dr. Hobson calls the larynx, the head of the trachea or wind pipe which produces sound. I have said so much on the use of the character lan () that I must explain myself a little more in detail. In the vocabulary it is invariably used in the sense of oval and occurs of course very frequently. The Japanese follow the same usage deriving the word from egg. But it is evident that the idea of oval, egg and oviparous are derived meanings from the character, if we but closely examine it. The seal character present the idea in even a more striking light. The Japanese strange to say do not apply it to the testes for what reason I know not. Strange too, that Dr. Osgood nowhere calls the testes by this name for he has omitted to give it, but gives it in such combinations as spermatic cord, tunica vaginalis and cremaster muscle that it is evident what he means. On account therefore of its origin, its use should be confined to the parts to which it was at first applied and by virtue of this use it is inapplicable from its suggestiveness to any other part of the body and especially parts in the brain. In Peking it is applied vulgarly to the testes and is in common use as a word of reproach. We have two other and better designations, any one of which is serviceable. The proper book word to use is ku-wan (†).

Having made these further explanations, which we felt were due to the reader, we proceed to point out other inaccuracies in the Medical Vocabulary under review. A very common error is the use of hyo, which is the Greek letter V. and refers to the bone between the root of the tongue and the larynx and is so called from its resemblance to this letter, for the tongue itself, as for example hyo-epiglottic. It occurs about half-a-dozen times incorrectly in naming the muscles, the character for bone being left out and a few times correctly, as in the case of hyo-glossus where it was of course impossible to perpetrate the mistake. In the name of pericardium sin-wai-i () is used, heart outside coat, and the endocardium the inside coat, is made to match. The Chinese well-known term for the former is sin-pau-lo (), which is even raised to the rank of a viscus in order to harmonise their system. Endocardium could have been made the nei-sin-pau-lo (♬Ľ ). The Japanese call the former sin-pau(), and the latter the sin-li-moh (). The inner is unknown to the Chinese, but every one knows the outer. But even supposing we do not adopt the

Chinese term why select i () here, when serous membranes of which the pericardium is one, are elsewhere called moh. The coronary sinus is called sin-nei-hwei-hsueh (r). The character nei inside does not express the idea of the sinus returning the blood from the substance of the heart. As far as the expression goes, it is applicable to the superior and inferior vena cava which enter the inside of the heart. Sin-t'i() would have correctly expressed the part. The coronary valve which protects the orifice of the sinus of the same name, and prevents regurgitation of blood into the sinus during the contraction of the auricle, has no resemblance to it, as it ought to have done; but is called after the artery of that name, with which it has nothing whatever to do. The coronary arteries moreover have no valves. Excepting the semilunar valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery, arteries, we know, have no valves. There is here therefore a very grievous error. To have been consistent the coronary valve should have been called sinnei-hwei-hsueh-hu (AOXF). The right and left coronary arteries rise from the aorta above the free margin of the semilunar valves. I cannot conceive how any one knowing Chinese and anatomy could have fallen into this blunder. And yet the "Committee have a perfect knowledge of what they are doing." The auriculo-ventricular opening of the right side is called yeu-chung-chiuu (†), right middle meatus and the left correspondingly. Shang and hia (EF), employed in naming the auricles and ventricles would have given a more distinct name and would have been in harmony with the rest of the nomenclature. The Eustachian valve is simple called the oval (lan) opening. It is a very hard part to designate in Chinese. Had the same rule been observed here as has been observed in naming the coronary valve, we should have had it called after the Eustachian tube, a connection existing between the pharynx and the middle ear. The object of the valve in question is to direct the blood from the inferior cava of the foetus, through the foramen ovale, into the left auricle. This could have been indicated by something like ling-tai-hsueh (ju-tso-shang-fang) hu, understanding the part in parenthesis, with or without sin heart. For valves generally we have the word měn-hu (F) given, and for the Eustachian and coronary, hu is adopted; for others men is given or men-shan (P). We should have liked some harmony shown in naming similar parts. There is the same difference in Chinese as in English between door and doorway, the men is the door, the hu the door-mouth which is closed by the door. The one is often made to stand for the other, the men included the hu, but the hu does not necessarily include the door. The Japanese have taken the word (). The tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart is called after Hobson

san-shan-men and the mitral which holds the same relative position on the left of the heart, should have been taken also from Dr. Hobson and called liang-men-shan (1), but no, it is here called tsungmoh-měn, which is quite misleading. In the first place it has nothing to do with the moh or pulse and is not at the mouth of the aorta at all, but between the left auricle and ventricle. Its name would certainly indicate that it stood at the mouth of the aorta, where the semilunar valves are placed and the delusion is still further strengthened by the fact that it stands immediately under the name of the aortic opening which is called tsung-moh-k'ow (). The openings of the pulmonary artery and aorta would have been immensely improved in clearness by the addition of kwan vessel. In naming the arteries of the heart, front and back are used instead of right and left, and calling them arteries it was quite unnecessary to call them heart nourishers. The other arteries perform the same functions. If something distinctive were desirable the word pen () would have expressed it. The name for the veins of the heart sin-wei-hwei-kwan (O), is open to the same objection, and would refer merely to the veins round and not those from the substance of the heart. The ductus arteriosus is given as tsung-fei-moh-chung-kwan (#+*). It is somewhat difficult to name without circumlocution, and in spite of the best name perhaps, a clear idea cannot be conveyed to those unacquainted with the foetal circulation. The objection to calling it tsung-fei-moh-chungkwan, is that the tsung-fei-moh is placed below as the fei-moh-kucan of the adult, which of course it is. The same vessel should not be called differently in the fœtus and adult. In arterial language, too, we reserve the tsung (), for the aorta which proceeds from the left ventricle throughout the body and do not apply it to the similar vessel which leaves the right ventricle for the lungs. It might be very briefly and simply, called t'ai-moh-kwan (), as all the other parts of the arterial circulation have proper adult names. In the same way

the ductus venosus might be called t'ai-hwei-hsieh-kwan. Dr. Osgood does not venture upon a name for this part. I have taken great exception to the naming of the os sacrum by kow ], a hook, a coined term I presume, when the Chinese Si-yuen-lu (t) gives fang (), for the name of the bone. Hobson gives wei-ti-kuh (EIE) for sacrum but this name is more frequently applied to the coccyx. In the Lei-ching (H) Hobson's usage is given. Hobson gives weilü-kuh (), for coccyx which is certainly correct. As formerly stated this one error, leads to an innumerable number in relation to the naming of ligaments, arteries, nerves, etc. The metal radicle is not one I should have adopted for a coined osteological term. The

Japanese call it chien-kuh (J). The kau-kuh (F) applied by Osgood to the ischium relates to the prominence above the coccyx, and in Chinese has given a good name to the pelvis. Having misapplied the term kau and restricted the use of kwa () to the ilium, he left himself no term for the pelvis. He calls it therefore simply the bone basin. Hobson correctly calls the os innominatum or unnamed bone. kwa-kuh (J), after the Chinese and the ischium he calls the sitting or gluteal bone, terms which are expressive, and the latter tun (), is correctly applied to the muscles of the gluteal region. The bone then in the absence of a Chinese term, might be fairly so called. It would be universally understood. The Chinese name for ischium is p'i (

), and the back part of the thigh from the sacrum to the hamspace is called p'i-kuh (4), the character kuh it will be observed having the flesh radical.

We shall most probably return to the charge in a future number. For the present, the few superficial criticisms we have ventured to make, have been with great fear and trembling and on many accounts with great reluctance. We expected to find a great advance upon Dr. Hobson's admirable little medical vocabulary published in Shanghai; but we have been disappointed. I have no desire to hurt the reputation of a departed brother nor the praiseworthy efforts of the School Book Committee for the enlightenment of the Chinese, but I think I have shewn reason for the statement that the Committee has not given the work the oversight which the importance of the subject demanded. They profess however to "have a perfect knowledge of what they are doing."

In conclusion, for the present, I would merely observe that there is great want of regularity in printing the trunks of nerves, arteries, etc., and their branches. The general rule followed, which is good, is to have the trunks printed in the perpendicular direction with Chinese to match, and to have the branches placed horizontally and bracketed. But this plan, otherwise so good in itself, has been in many cases so carelessly done as to cause the utmost confusion. This confusion has been worse confounded when the trunk names happen, as they so frequently do, to stand horizontally at the top of the branch names, and instead of getting into the same relative position to the Chinese, they are made to take the position of branches in Chinese, and then with what result the reader may imagine. The head of one section is placed at the foot as it were, of the preceding and vice versâ. As cases in illustration, take the superior thyroid artery division, or the encephalon-cerebro-spinal axis, olfactory and optic nerves, cartilages ligament and muscles of what? and try to unravel the confusion. No