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die Länder spanischer und portugiesischer Zunge), which has its headquarters at Frankfort, and is therefore often referred to briefly as the Frankfort Bureau. Founded immediately after the outbreak of war, for the special purposes of influencing public opinion in the Latin countries of Europe and South America, and of supplying information about these countries to the Foreign Office, it is frankly nothing more nor less than a propagandist organisation. Early in 1915 the Foreign Office made the Bureau a grant of M.10,000, and from May of that year gave it a monthly subsidy of M.3000, which in September was increased to M.4000, in recognition of the undoubted usefulness of the information service in the interests of truth in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries.'

The Frankfort Bureau was hard at work within a few days of its inception, and its progress has been very rapid. In August 1914 it had on its books but a few hundred names to which propagandist literature could be sent. Then the Deutsche Ueberseeische Bank (known in America as the Banco Alemán Transatlantico), which is run by the Deutsche Bank, and has branches in all Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries, assisted it to compile large lists and to select its agents. At the end of 1914 no less than 3000 copies of its publications were distributed in Spain; while in August 1915 the number of copies printed was 7500 in Spanish, 4000 in Portuguese and 1700 in German. There is reason to believe that the number of paying subscribers is insignificant. That money was urgently needed by the Bureau is proved by the fact that the receipts from all sources for the year ending Aug. 31, 1915, amounted to less than 30007. Since it was obviously impossible for it with so small an income adequately to carry on its various activities, there can be no question but that heavy contributions to its war chest have been made. either by the State or by the great industrialists who hope presently to profit by its labours.

The Frankfort Bureau's Intelligence Section works on the same lines as that of Transozean, with which it

This appears in translations as 'Servicio de informaciones para los países de lengua española y portuguesa' and 'Serviço de Informacões para a America Latina.'

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has a working agreement. It works mainly through its branch at Barcelona, of which Herr August H. Hofer is the Director. Through Barcelona it issues a daily pressservice to the leading newspapers in Spain, transmitting news inspired by the Wilhelmstrasse; it invites the editors to print any article from these publications, and supplies for their use the principal German newspapers. At Barcelona it founded in 1916 two daily newspapers, 'Correspondencia Alemana,' printed in Spanish, and 'Deutsche Warte,' printed in German, both of which are avowedly issued by the Deutscher Nachrichtendienst für Spanien, an abbreviated form of the full title of the Bureau. It is also responsible for the fortnightly review, 'Germania,' which has a circulation of 3000 copies, and probably of the French weekly paper 'La Vérité,' both of which are edited by Luis Almerich and are published at Barcelona. The Bureau circulates Spanish and Portuguese editions of Transozean's magazine, Der Grosse Krieg in Bildern'; the Arabic papers and pamphlets prepared by the News-service for the Orient, to enlighten the Syrian and Arabic colonies in South America as to the state of affairs'; the Spanish and Portuguese editions of the Hamburger Nachrichten' (El Heraldo de Hamburgo and O Mensajeiro de Hamburgo) and 'Welt im Bild' (issued by the Hamburger Fremdenblatt').

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The kindred society, the German South-American Institute (Deutsch-Südamerikanisches Institut), known in South America as El Instituto Sud-Americano Alemán de Aquisgran, was founded on Dec. 29, 1912, at Bonn, but it has since transferred its headquarters to Aachen, and has Committees at Stuttgart and Barcelona. The President is Professor Dr Steinmann, of Bonn; and the Prussian Minister of Education sits on the Board of Directors. The Institute-so runs its programme—

is a union of Germans and Latin-Americans, who maintain intellectual relations between Germany and the countries of Latin-America.' 'Its purpose is to foster these relations. . . . Questions of politics and creed are excluded.'

It endeavours to fulfil its aims by issuing publications, by assisting the exchange of publications issued by its members, as well as those issued by authorities, institutions, associations, and other public bodies, and by

supporting scientific institutions for information and research in Germany and in Latin-America.

The Institute issued in 1916 a circular letter headed · An Appeal for participation in an effective increase of German influence in South and Central America,' which was printed in its Transactions' (November 1916). This letter runs as follows:

'Not the least important task which will confront Germany after the war is the provision of a more thorough and effective scheme of enlightening and influencing foreign opinion in the German interest. The war has made us realise as we never did before how much this has hitherto been neglected, being left, as it were, to particular groups and individuals, and not furthered by the nation as a whole, nor even by its leading elements. After much preliminary investigation and consultation, we have come to the conclusion that for the practical accomplishment of this task there must be, in the first place, a division of work into (i) the news-service for the foreign press, (ii) the safeguarding of German economic interests abroad, (iii) the cultivation of scientific and artistic relations with foreign countries on the lines of a general "cultural" policy. In the second place, it is necessary to make a geographical division, in order to do justice to the linguistic, political, and cultural peculiarities of each single sphere of activity abroad. The Institute, with the consent and support of the Imperial and the Prussian authorities concerned, has undertaken the third task within the extremely important and culturally homogeneous sphere constituted by the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries of Southern and Central America. The direction of the news-service and the safeguarding of economic interests will be set apart for other institutions to deal with.'

The Institute's collection of information with regard to South America is carried out on an elaborate scale; and an attempt is being made to build up a bureau de renseignements, from which Germans may obtain information concerning South America, and South Americans information concerning Germany. Such a collection is made possible by the cooperation of various scientific bodies. Commercial information concerning South America is collected by the central office of the Hamburg Colonial Institute, medical information concerning both Germany and South America by the General Hospital

at Hamburg-Eppendorf, other scientific information concerning America by the Seminary for the Romance Languages and Civilisation (Seminar für Romanische Sprachen und Kultur) in Hamburg. Technical information regarding German and South American questions is collected by the bureau at Aachen. Inquiries may be made in Spanish, Portuguese or German, and are answered free of charge. The Institute, with the assistance of the Prussian Ministry of Education, which made it a grant in 1915, has founded at Aachen a SouthAmerican Library, which will be housed for public use in a building provided by that city.

The Institute issues, besides El Mensajero de Ultramar' and 'O Transatlantico,' the monthly review, Mitteilungen des Deutsch-Südamerikanischen Institut.' It acts also as middleman for the distribution in Central and South America of the publications of kindred societies. For the Seminary for Romance Languages and Civilisation it circulates the monthly review, 'La Cultura Latino-Americana'; and for the German-Spanish Society of Hamburg, of which Dr Eddelbüttel is chairman, a pro-German history of the war in monthly numbers, La Guerra Europea, mirada por un SudAmericano. Crónica politico-militar'; the author of which is Lieut. J. G. Guerrero, Peruvian military attaché at Berlin. Like all other German propagandist societies, it issues the pictorial war-edition of the 'Hamburger Fremdenblatt,' and the weekly editions of the 'Hamburger Nachrichten.' It has, of course, agents in all the countries of Central and South America; and the resources and influence of the Deutsche Ueberseeische Bank and the Brazilianische Bank für Deutschland are everywhere at its disposal.

Scarcely less important than the German SouthAmerican Institute is the Hamburg Iberian-American Society (Hamburgischer Ibero-Amerikanischer Verein, known in America as the Sociedad Ibero-Americana de Hamburgo), the President of which is Prof. B. Schädel, the vice-chairman of the Council of the German SouthAmerican Institute. Among its supporters are the shipping companies, Woermann and Kosmos, and the great newspaper combine, of which the best-known organ is the Hamburger Nachrichten.' An article from El

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Heraldo de Hamburgo' by Dr Llorens, a South-American who is Lecturer on Spanish Life and Language at Hamburg, officially circulated, states that the object of the Society is to establish closer relations between Germany and the Latin-American countries, making the life and institutions of each country better known to the inhabitants of the other.' A circular letter written in Spanish, and issued broadcast, sets forth the advantages to be gained by membership of the Hamburg IberianAmerican Society. Information, free of charge, is supplied in Spanish and Portuguese on science, art, literature, and economics concerning Germany and the LatinAmerican countries; advice for those visiting Germany for the purposes of business, study, or pleasure, and accommodation at special rates in hotels in Germany, Spain, and Latin-America; and despatch gratis of the publications of the Society, and of El Heraldo de Hamburgo' and 'La Cultura Latino-Americana.'

The Society apparently desires to appeal as a kind of Young Men's Christian Association, with the religion left out. What it actually is may be gathered from the appeal issued by the Committee of the Society in German only. This document lets the cat out of the bag. No longer is the Society represented as a philanthropic organisation, which showers benefits upon its members in return for a nominal subscription; nothing is said about its pacific designs; nor is there any reprobation of 'national exclusiveness.' It is all very clever, only not quite clever enough; you are offered in the one document God, in the other Mammon; and it is obvious that both masters cannot be equally well served.

The appeal in German starts by saying that the war has shown the result of Germany's neglect of the Spanishand Portuguese-speaking peoples, and complains that England and France, by their organisation, their ruthless Press control, their teaching, and other methods, have forestalled Germany in South America, and thus have been able to disseminate their anti-German propaganda with its catchwords of Huns, Boches, and Kultur. 'A gigantic struggle lies before Germany and German trade against French influence in the intellectual sphere and against English capital in the economic sphere.' The objects of the Society are then enumerated-to counteract

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