him and said; "Be not afraid, my dear one. I am with thee, thy Redeemer and Comforter, therefore be not afraid. Abide in the world, as long as I leave thee in it, as a pilgrim, a stranger, a foreigner, a guest; but remain to me as a member of my household. I give unto thee the citizenship of heaven. Be thou therefore careful in the world. Have a mind that is, as much as possible, lifted both upward to me, and kindly downward to thy fellow man. Use, then, worldly things as long as thou art there, but rejoice in heavenly ones only. Guard within thee the wisdom that I have granted thee, and outwardly the simplicity that I have counselled thee; have a resounding heart, but a silent tongue. Be tender in thy feeling for the sufferings of others, but hardy against the wrong that may befall thee. Let thy body be in the world, thy heart with me. If thou wilt but act thus, thou wilt be blessed and wilt fare well."

Although the main period of Pietism was the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Germany, yet its influence lasted long after

wards, and spread far beyond the confines of that country. Everybody knows the relations of John Wesley to Peter Böhler and Zinzendorf, and Methodism, in its origin, is Pietism under another name. The same influence is seen in the American colonies during the eighteenth century, in the mighty revival of Whitefield, in the spread of Methodism, and in the rise of new denominations, such as the United Brethren.

CHAPTER X.

THE TRANSCENDENTAL ELEMENT AND

MODERN LIFE.

We have just seen that in the province of religion the sense of the Infinite is not merely a phenomenon of the past, but is just as characteristic of modern times. And the same thing is true in other spheres of human experience. As it may be said to have taken its rise, or at least found its first and greatest expression in philosophy, so it is still powerful in certain philosophers of modern times. We find it in Spinoza, of whom Schleiermacher declares; "The High World Spirit pervades him, the Infinite was his beginning and his end; the Universe was his only and his everlasting love. In holy innocence and in deep humility he beheld himself mirrored in the

Eternal World and perceived how he also was its worthy mirror." We find it in Hegel; "What reader of Hegel can doubt" says Pro"says

fessor William James, "that the sense of a perfected Being with all its otherness soaked up into itself, which dominates his whole philosophy, must have come from the prominence in his consciousness of mystical moods like this, in most persons kept subliminal! The notion is thoroughly characteristic of the mystical level, and the Aufgabe of making it articulate was surely set to Hegel's intellect by mystical feeling." We find it in Schelling, with his love for Jacob Boehme, and his doctrine of the "world-soul" and the "Intellectual Intuition;" and we find it in Schleiermacher, with his beautiful theory of the Sense of the Universe and the bridal communion between it and the soul.

The same all-pervading transcendental spirit shows itself likewise in modern literature. Thus Goethe, who had learned from Spinoza to look on the world as a necessary whole, needed no proof of the sublimity and

divinity of the universe; he saw and felt deep

in his own heart that

Es ist das ewig Eine

Das sich vielfach offenbart.

Schiller is a transcendentalist through and through, in all his life and manner of thinking, in all his aspirations. These he sums up in his poem "Das Ideal und das Leben," in which "there glows the flame of Platonic enthusiasm mingled with Christian resignation and Kantian rigor." We find mysticism forming one of the most characteristic features of Romantic literature, especially in Germany where the Romantic writers Tieck, Novalis, and others were not only influenced by the philosophy of Fichte and Schelling, but by old Jacob Boehme himself.

It was through these great German writers that Carlyle learned to express the mystical experiences lying deep in his own soul; and "Sartor Resartus" is one long, impassioned plea for the spiritual universe as compared with