It is interesting to contrast it with those devoted to Franklin and Webster, and to note how his powers of characterization had grown. It appeared in The Dial for January, 1843. The work reviewed was The Works of Charles Follen, with a Memoir of his Life. In five volumes. Boston, Hilliard, Gray & Co., 1841. The first volume contained the memoir by his wife. The second volume contained sermons, the third Lectures on Moral Philosophy, the fourth Schiller's Life and Dramas, and the fifth Miscellaneous Writings, including the inaugural address in 1831 on the occasion of the author's induction into the professorship of the German language and literature at Harvard College. No reprint of it has hitherto appeared.

The Dial was a quarterly devoted to the ideas represented by the transcendendalist movement, and was published from July, 1840, to April, 1844. For the first two years it was edited by Margaret Fuller, with the aid of George Ripley for the earlier numbers. The last two years the Dial was under the control of Emerson, with Thoreau as his efficient aid. For several months Elizabeth Peabody was the publisher, and she was also one of the contributors. Among the writers not already named were Alcott, Lowell, Charles A. Dana, Cranch, Dwight, W. E. Channing, Hedge, Curtis, and L. M. Child. Many of Emerson's best poems appeared in its pages. Parker was one of the most voluminous of its contributors. Twelve of his essays were printed in the Dial, also verses and book-reviews. Emerson wrote in his "Historic Notes of Life and Letters in New England," that some numbers had an instant exhausting sale because of papers by Theodore Parker."

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In the same essay Emerson wrote of Parker's relations to the whole movement, and as to his character as preacher and reformer. "Parker was our Savonarola," he wrote, " an excellent scholar, in frank

and affectionate communication with the best minds of the day, yet the tribune of the people, and the stout reformer to urge and defend every cause of our humanity with and for the humblest of mankind. was no artist. Highly refined persons might easily miss in him the element of beauty. What he said was mere fact, almost offended you, so bald and detached; little cared he. He stood altogether for practical truth, and so to the last. He used every day and hour of his short life, and his character appeared in the last moments with the same firm control as in the midday of strength. I habitually apply to him the words of a French philosopher who speaks of the man of nature who abominates the steam-engine and the factory. His vast lungs breathe independence with the air of the mountains and the woods.""

Parker contributed to every number of the first volume of the Dial, and to all but one of the second. In the first number appeared an article on "The Divine Presence in Nature and the Soul;" in the second, "A Lesson for the Day," and "Truth against the World: A Parable of Paul;" in the third, "German Literature;" and in the fourth, "Thoughts on Labor." To the first number of the second volume he contributed a paper on "The Pharisees," and also two poems entitled "Protean Wishes." He did not have anything in the second number, but in the third was printed his article on " Primitive Christianity," reviewing Dorner's Christology. The first and the last numbers of the third volume had nothing from his pen, but in the second was printed his review of the Hollis Street Council that tried John Pierpont, which attracted much attention; and in the third, his paper on "The Life and Character of Dr. Follen." He had but one article in the fourth volume, that in the second number reviewing the work of Charles Hennell, an English idealist and radical, on the "Origin of

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Christianity." Parker was in Europe from September, 1843, for a year, and this will doubtless account for his failure to write for the last volume more largely. Seven of Parker's contributions to the Dial were reprinted in his "Critical and Miscellaneous Writings," published in 1843; and these were "A Lesson for the Day," "German Literature," "Truth against the World," Thoughts on Labor," "The Pharisees," "Primitive Christianity," and "Thoughts on Theology."

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For details as to the history of the Dial, see The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, edited by William T. Harris, for July, 1885, where there is printed an extended article by George Willis Cooke, with a complete list of the contributors. Also An Historical and Biographical Introduction to Accompany. The Dial as reprinted in numbers for the Rowfant Club, by George Willis Cooke. In two volumes, Cleveland, the Rowfant Club, 1902. This last work is in two volumes of about five hundred pages, gives a detailed history of the transcendental movement, the Dial as its organ, with biographical sketches of all the contribu

tors.

A word ought to be added in regard to the author of the admirable biography of Dr. Follen. Mrs. Follen was Eliza Lee Cabot, of an old and cultivated Boston family. She was born August 15, 1787, and married Dr. Follen in 1828. She was the first editor of a children's paper in this country, the "Child's Friend" being under her control from 1843 to 1850. She published several books for children. Her books included "The Well-Spent Hour," 1827; "The Skeptic," 1855; "Poems," 1839; "To Mothers in the Free States," 1855; "Anti-Slavery Hymns and Songs," 1855; "Twilight Stories," 1858, and "Home Dramas," 1859. She not only wrote an interesting biography of Dr. Follen, but she edited his works with

skill. She prepared her son, together with other boys, for Harvard College. She was an ardent opponent of slavery, and wrote much in behalf of the abolition

cause.

Page 448, note 1. Appendix to Life of Charles Follen, page 585, where is published a poem by him entitled Das Grosse Lied. On page 593 is a translation, evidently by his own hand. Other poems are also printed, both in German and English.

Page 449, note 2. David Walker, a negro, published his "Appeal to Colored Citizens" in 1829, issuing it from his store in Brattle street, Boston. See Story of Garrison's Life by his children, vol. I, pages 160-1, where a detailed account of the book and its author is given in a footnote.

Page 449, note 3. John Bowring, 1792-1872, English linguist, political economist, and diplomatist. He was editor of Westminster Review, edited works of Bentham, was a member of Parliament, governor of Hong-Kong, and held important diplomatic positions. He made many translations, was a Unitarian, and wrote many excellent hymns.

Page 449, note 4. Clement C. Biddle, 1784-1855, was a diligent student of economics and issued an annotated edition of J. B. Say's "Political Economy shortly after the war of 1812, besides editing Prinsep's translation of the same work. He was present at the free-trade convention held in Philadelphia, in 1831, and was at that time influential in shaping the financial policy of the national government.

Page 456, note 5. Frances Wright, 1795-1852, was born in Scotland, imbibed ideas of French philosophers, visited the United States in 1818. In 1821 she published in London Views of Society and Manners in America. After visiting France, she returned to the United States in 1825, purchased a large farm near Memphis in Tennessee, and established there a

colony of free negroes. As this was opposed to the laws of the state, she took the negroes to Hayti. In 1833 she began to lecture against slavery, and for the freedom of women. She spoke with great liberty, was a severe critic of existing social restrictions, and was bitterly opposed. She joined Robert Owen in his community at New Harmony, Indiana, and edited the paper published there. She married, in 1838, d'Arusmont, whose ideas were similar to her own; but they soon separated, and she lived in Cincinnati with her daughter until her death. She published several works, including "A Few Days in Athens," 1822; Popular Lectures on Free Inquiry," 1829. She was a free thinker, and was usually called an infidel. Biographies have been published of her in London by John Windt, and in Cincinnati by Amos Gilbert.

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Page 461, note 6. Follen was an intimate friend and great admirer of Dr. Channing, and this reference is probably to him.

ΧΙ

GERMAN LITERATURE

The third number of the Dial, January, 1841, contained this article. It was included by Parker in his Critical and Miscellaneous Writings, 1843. Miss Cobbe gave it a place in the ninth volume of her edition of Parker's works, being the first volume of the Critical Writings. The work reviewed had this title

page:

German Literature, translated from the German of Wolfgang Menzel. By C. C. Felton. In three volumes. Boston, Hilliard, Gray and Company, 1840.

These volumes were included in the series of " Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature," edited by George Ripley, and published in Boston by Hilliard, Gray and Company, from 1838 to 1842. The first