6d. a yard additional. This is certainly test against the acts of injustice above referred to much cheaper than Macadam, and we should and expressing a hope that the French governthink more economical than causeways. stances of the case, would not confirm the acts of ment, when made acquainted with all the circumAnd, besides, it has the advantage-which its admiral in his unwarranted aggression upon one of the speakers suggested to Sir Peter Tahiti. We fear that this hope is ill grounded, Laurie "that in case of an upset, it is far and that, having obtained a footing upon the Tamore satisfactory to contest the relative deaf ear to any remonstrance which may be adhitian group, the French government will turn a hardness of heads with a block of wood than dressed to it.--Bell's Weekly Messenger. a mass of granite."

We can only add in conclusion, that ad- From the extensive nature of the repairs and imvertisements are published by the Commis-provements which are to be commenced in the insioners of Sewers for contracts to pave with wood Cheapside, and Bishopsgate Street, and Whitechapel. Oh, Sir Peter !-how are the mighty fallen!

REVOLUTION AT HAYTI.-This noble island, which There is, fortunately, at this moment a respectahas been the scene of so many extraordinary chan-ble British force on this station, and, as both parges of Government, has been lately disturbed by ties have appealed to us for protection, first those, another political revolution, which, unlike those with M. Espinasse at their head, who had been that have preceded it, has been accomplished with driven into exile by the arbitrary proceedings of out bloodshed. A letter published in the Times the president, and now Boyer himself, with his imgives the following narrative of proceedings. It mediate adherents, reduced to a similar condition, will be seen that both parties have appealed to the it is to be hoped that the peaceful portion of the British force off the island-a testimony of the community will not be reduced to the necessity of respect in which our name is held, and of the con- choosing between anarchy and slavery.-The Brifidence reposed in our disinterestedness and sense tannia. of justice :

Kingston, Jamaica, March 20.

him off the ass.

an act of benevolence. All who beheld this won

BRUTE INTELLIGENCE.-A rather remarkable The revolution which has for some time been occurrence transpired a short distance from Dewsimpending in the neighboring island of St. Domin-bury a few days ago. While two young men were go has at length come to a crisis, and as yet, I am taking a walk down the side of the river Calder, happy to say, a bloodless one. The ex-President, their master's warehouse dog, which was accomIcan Pierre Boyer, with thirty-two of his adherents, panying them, strayed into an adjoining field, and having sought shelter in one of her Majesty's ships, seeing an ass, suddenly fell upon it, worrying it A number of men arrived here yesterday morning on board the Scyl. in a most ferocious manner. la. He had been driven to this step by the resist- being at a short distance, and seeing the dog likely ance which was offered to the means he had adopt-in a short time to worry the poor ass to death, went ed to get rid of the opposition to the measures of and commenced a fierce attack upon the dog with his government in the national legislature. At the hedge stakes, but without succeeding in getting head of this opposition was the Senator Dumeille, A horse, belonging to Mr. G. Fell, the representative of the province of Aux Cayes, of Earlsheaton, witnessed these proceedings, eviwho on five different occasions had been forcibly dently under most agitated feelings, and as if conexpelled from the Senate Chamber at the point of scious the poor ass must perish unless he interthe bayonet, and on each occasion had been tri fered, made a rush through the hedge, cleared off umphantly re-elected by his original constituents. the men who were trying to liberate the ass, and Under the apprehension of proceedings of a still in a most ferocious manner seized the dog with more despotic and unconstitutional character, it his teeth and dragged him off, and aimed several appears that M, Dumeille had addressed himself blows with his fore and hind feet, and had not the to the regiment of artillery stationed at Aux Cayes, dog made off, the horse would have dispatched him in a few minutes. When the horse had accomby the whole of whom he was readily joined; and the feelings of the people were so strongly engaged plished this feat, he, with his head and tail erect, in his favor by what had previously taken place, scampered about the ass in a noble and most dig. that in the course of a very few days he found nified manner, as if proud of having gained a himself at the head of a force of 6,000 men, with mighty conquest, and manifested evident tokens of which he was preparing to march on the capital. Pleasure, as if sensibly feeling that he had effected In the meantime, with the view of demonstrating to his fellow-citizens that he was not actuated by derful deed of Mr. Fell's borse were powerfully motives of personal ambition, he proposed to Mstruck with his evident intelligence and sympathy Beaugillard, the Governor of Aux Cayes, who has for his fellow brute.-Wakefield Journal. been very generally regarded for the last ten or DORSAZ, THE GUIDE OF BONAPARTE.-Dorsaz, the twelve years as the probable successor of Boyer in the Presidency, to declare the office vacant, and guide who saved the life of Napoleon, on the pasman who acquired considerable celebrity as the to proclaim M. Beaugillard provisionally President sage of St. Bernard, died a few days ago in the viluntil an opportunity could be taken to assemble lage of St. Pierre, in the Vallais, where he had the Senate and complete his election by the forms been residing several years, and was known under which the Haytian constitution prescribes. It ap-the name of the guide of Bonaparte. Dorsaz, on pears that at the period in question, now some three the occasion which conferred this name upon him, weeks ago, M. Beaugillard declined to avail him- was close to the mule on which Napoleon was ridself of this offer of M. Dumeille, but I believe iting, when it made a false step, and would have was perfectly understood that he did not look with plunged its rider over a precipice, if the guide had disfavor on the armed resistance which was offered not, at the hazard of his life, prevented the accident. to the violent proceedings of the President, al- In a little time afterwards, Dorsaz, ignorant of the though he did not think that the time was yet rank of the person whose life he had saved, and come for his placing himself at the head of this fearing that he would be compelled to accompany revolutionary movement. In all probability, how the army as a guide farther than he wished to go, ever, the embarkation of Boyer with his leading disappeared suddenly with his mule, which Napoadherents will have proved the signal for his defi-leon was no longer riding, and it was not until six nitively declaring himself. months after the battle of Marengo that he could be At the same time there is some reason to appre- heard of. At this time the authorittes were ordered hend, as those portions of the population who to seek him out, and to present to him a sufficient speak the Spanish language have had but little in- sum of money to build a house for him to reside in, tercourse with their fellow-citizens at the other end if he was not already in possession of one; or, in of the island, whose manners and habits are framed the latter case, to refund to him the amount which on the French model, that some attempt may now it had cost him. As Dorsaz had a house, this latter be made to re-establish the political separation course was adopted. The guides of this part of the which formerly existed between them. As yet country, for many years after the event, raised amthere is no palpable indication of any such design, ple contributions from travellers, by pretending to but, from what I know of the country personally, each that the mule upon which he rode was the and of the views of many of its inhabitants, I in-identical mule crossed by Napoleon at the passage cline to think that the tranquil and permanent establishment of its affairs will be exposed to more danger from this cause than perhaps from any other.

of the St. Bernard. The truth, however, is, that this mule was purchased by Napoleon, when he had discovered the residence of his preserver.

SCIENCE AND ARTS.

action in living plants; and that it is the cause of the continual transmission of fluids from the intervascular and intercellular spaces into the interior of the vessels and cells, and also of the ascent of the sap.-Athenæum.

of the structure and composition of the nerves; and concludes that they consist, in their whole extent, of a congeries of membranous tubes, cylindrical in their form, placed parallel to one another, and united into fasciculi of various sizes; but that neither these fasciculi nor the individual tubes are enveloped by any filamentous tissue; that these tubular membranes are composed of extremely minute filaments, placed in a strictly longitudinal direction, in exact parallelism with each other, and consisting of granules of the same kind as those which form the basis of all the solid structures of the body; and that the matter which fills the tubes is of an oily nature, differing in no essential respect from butter, or soft fat; and remaining of a fluid consistence during the life of the animal, or while it retains its natural temperature, but becoming granular or solid when the animal dies, or its temperature is much reduced. As oily substances are well known to be non-conductors of electricity, and as the nerves have been shown by the experiments of Bischoff to be among the worst possible conductors of this agent, the author contends that the nervous agency can be neither electricity nor galvanism, nor any property related to those powers; and conceives that the phenomena are best explained on the hypothesis of undulations or vibrations propagated along the course of the tubes which compose the nerves, by the medium of the oily globules they contain. He traces the operation of the various causes which produce sensation, in giving rise to these undulations; and extends the same explanation to the phenomena of voluntary motion, as consisting in undulations, commencing in the brain, as determinded by the will, and propagated to the muscles. He corroborates his views by ascribing the effects of cold in diminishing or destroying both sensibility and the power of voluntary motion, particularly as exemplified in the hybernation of animals, to its mechanical operation of diminishing the fluidity, or producing solidity, in the oily medium by which these powers are exercised.—Ibid.

ASCENT OF THE SAP.-Experimental Inquiry into the cause of the Ascent and Continued Motion of the Sap; with a new method of preparing plants for physiological investigation, by George Rainey, Esq.-The ascent of the sap in vegetables has been THE NERVES." On the Nerves," by James generally ascribed to a vital contraction either of Stark, M. D.-The author gives the results of his the vessels or of the cells of the plant; the circum-examinations, both microscopical and chemica!, stances of that ascent taking place chiefly at certain seasons of the year, and of the quantity of fluid, and the velocity of its motion being proportional to the development of those parts whose functions are obviously vital, as the leaves and flowers, have been regarded as conclusive against the truth of all theories which professed to explain the phenomenon on purely mechanical principles. The aim of the author, in the present paper, is to show that these objections are not valid, and to prove, by a series of experiments, that the motion of the sap is totally independent of any vital contractions of the passages which transmit it; that it is wholly a mechanical process, resulting entirely from the operation of endosmose; and that it takes place even through those parts of a plant which have been totally deprived of their vitality. The lower extremity of a branch of Valeriana rubra was placed, soon after being gathered, in a solu tion of bichloride of mercury. In a few hours a considerable quantity of this solution was absorbed, and the whole plant, which had previously some what shrunk from the evaporation of its moisture, recovered its healthy appearance. On the next day, although the lower part of the branch had lost its vitality, the leaves and all the parts of the plant into which no bichloride had entered, but only the water of the solution, were perfectly healthy and filled with sap. On each of the following days additional portions of the stem became affected in succession; but the unaffected parts still preserved their healthy appearance, and the flowers and leaves developed themselves as if the plant had vegetated in pure water, and the whole stem had been in its natural healthy state. On a minute examination, it was found that calomel, in the form of a white substance, had been deposited on the internal surface of the cuticle; but no bich oride of mercury could be detected in those parts which had retained their vitality; thus showing that the solution of bichloride had been decomposed into chlorine, calomel, and water, and had destroy ed the vitality of the parts where this action had taken place after which, fresh portions of the solution had passed through the substance of the LITHOTINT.-Mr. Rotch, V P., delivered a lecpoisoned parts, as if they had been inorganic ca ture on Mr. Hullmandel's Lithotint process, which nals. Various experiments of a similar kind were was illustrated by a variety of specimens.-The made on other plants, and the same conclusions art of lithography was invented in 1796, by Alois were deduced from them. As the addition of a Senefelder. While one of his dramatic works was solution of iodide of potassium converts the bichlo going through the press, he spent much time in the ride of mercury into an insoluble biniodide, the printing office, and made himself fully acquainted author was enabled by the application of this test with the art of printing. Numerous plans occurred to thin sections of the stems of plants into which to him for producing a substitute for the ordinary the bichloride had been received by absorption, to printing process, in none of which, however, he ascertain, with the aid of the microscope, the parti- succeeded till his attention was accidentally dicular portion of the structure into which the latter rected to a fine piece of Kelheim stone wihch he had penetrated. The result of his observation was, had purchased for the purpose of grinding his cothat the biniodide is found only in the intercellular lors. It occurred to him, that, by covering the and intervascular spaces, none appearing to be stone with ink composed of wax, soap, and lampcontained within the cavities of either cells or ves-black, he might use it for his exercises in writing sels. As the fluids contained in the vessels and in backwards. One day, as he had just succeeded in the cells hold in solution various vegetable com- polishing a stone which he intended to cover with pounds, their density is greater than the ascending etching-ground, his mother entered the room, and sap, which is external to them, and from which asked him to write for her a bill for the washerthey are separated by an intervening organized woman, who was waiting for the linen. Having membrane. Such being the conditions requisite no paper at hand, he wrote the required bill on the for the operation of the principle of endosmose, the stone with his composition ink, which he intended author infers that such a principle is constantly in to copy at his leisure; suddenly he thought of bit

ing in the stone with aquafortis, applying printing. ink to it, as to wood engravings, and thus taking impressions from it. In this he succeeded. From Senefelder's time up to the present day, the art of Lithography has gone on gradually improving. The lithotint process of Mr. Hullmandel may be thus described:-The drawing having been sketched, tinted, and finished by the artist on the stone with lithographic ink, mixed with water to produce the various shades, is covered over with gum water, and weak nitric acid, to fix it; after waiting a sufficient time to dry, a solution of rosin and spirits of wine is poured over the stone, and as this ground contracts by drying, it cracks into millions of reticulations, which can only be discovered by the use of a microscope; very strong acid is then poured over the aquatint coating which, entering all the fissures, produces the same effect on the stone as the granulations of the chalk by the ordinary process. The rosin protects the drawing everywhere but in the cracks, and having remained a sufficient time to act on the unprotected parts of the drawing, the ground is washed off, and all appearance of the subject on the stone vanishes, until, ink being applied by a roller in the ordinary way, it is reproduced, and ready for taking off the required number of impressions, which in some cases have extended to the number of 2,000.Athenæum.

ANCIENT COINS-From Brittany, we hear of a discovery which has been made in the fine old Cathedral of Saint Pol-de-Léon. The workmen engaged in repairing the vault, discovered a vase of baked clay, which being broken, was found to contain some thirty ancient coins, of the fourteenth century. They are all the coins of contemporary princes-placed there, no doubt, to indicate the date of the portion of the building in which they were discovered-the greater number of them being of the dukes of Brittany. Amongst these pieces there are one of John, Count of Montfort, who died in 1345, the father of Duke John IV., and husband of the celebrated Jeanne de Montfort, the daughter of Louis Count of Flanders and Nevers, who died at Cressy, in 1346,-one of this latter prince, one of Edward III., of England, who was John's ally in his wars against France, and the father of his first wife-one of David, King of Scotland, one of Phillip of Valois,—and several of Charles V.-Athenæum.

OBITUARY.

S DEATH OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE Duke of USSEX. It is our melancholy duty to announce the death of his Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, who expired at Kensington Palace at a quarter-past twelve yesterday afternoon. The fatal termination of his illness, though sudden, was not wholly unexpected. For the last few days the most serious fearswere entertained thathis Royal Highnesscould not survive many hours. The death of a prince of the blood royal inust always be a painfulevent ina country so remarkable as England for the loyalty of its people; but in the case of the late Duke of Sussex there were many circum-stances calculate to cause regret at his departure from amoung us. Independent altogether of the supposed coincidence of his views on general affairs with those of a particular political party, and the consequent especial and particular causes of lamentation which they may conceive themselves to have in the loss of one who from his station lent a sort of respectability to them, there were many personal qualities exhibited from time to time by him whch excited the regard of a large portion of his countrymen. Of his position as a politician it is not intended here to speak, except merely to indicate what it was; but it may be well to record a few of those peculiarities which characterized him, and are identified with his name in the memories of the people.

It is true that his claims were rather of a negative than a positive character; but even negative virtues acquire an additional value when exhibited in the conduct of one occupying so high a place and exposed to so many temptations of rank and authority, and of the imagined license which attends the royal station.

It has not generally been the custom for princes of the blood royal of England to take an active part in political affairs. In some instances-especially in that of the present King of Hanover-they may have slighty overstepped the tacit rule; but their general practice has been to appear as seldom as possible in their public capacity as peers of Par liament, and then mainly to confine themselves to such questions as might be thought immediately or remotely to affect the stability of the throne, or the personal respectability of the reigning family. At the same time, however, either motives of policy, or those specific opinions on affairs which no native of a free country, however high his station, can be wholly without, have induced them to CHIMNEYS.-A plan has been proposed by Mr. J conciliate different classes of the country, by alMoon, architect, for a new construction of chimneys. lowing themselves to be supposed to coincide with It was stated that, as cleansing chimneys by boys them in their general principles. Thus the preswas abolished, there is not the necessity for flues to ent King of Hanover was looked on as more fav be of the present large rectangular form, being illorable to the views of one great party, while the adapted for the emission of smoke, and cleansing under the recent regulations. The flues are proposed to be circular, and of three sizes; viz. for kitchens, general rooms, chambers and minor rooms; they are to be formed of moulded bricks, to work in and bind with the general brickwork within the thickness of the walls; the gatherings at the openings to be contracted, and the shaft to terminate with a cap contrived to divert the wind. Every flue is perfect in itself, composed of few bricks, and so strong, that a wall is not diminished in strength by a series of these flues; their adaptation in party-walls was shown.-Literary Gazette.

CURIOSITY FROM CHINA.-The museum of the United Service Institution, has been enriched by the addition of the identical cage in which Mrs. Noble was for six weeks confined. It is roughly made of thick bars of wood, and is so small that the unfortunate captive must have remained during the whole time in a crouching position.

late King, as Duke of Clarence, lent more prepon. derance to the other. The late Duke of Sussex, also, was generally known to be favorable to what have usually been designated as Liberal principles; and he was for a long period of time regarded by the Whigs as one of those who supported their general views. Indeed he did not withold his countenance to the late earl of Leicester, who, while Mr. Coke, of Norfolk, so publicly attacked the character of the royal father of the illustrious duke, his late Majesty, George III.

Still in general accordance with the practice alluded to, the late Duke of Sussex did not frequent. ly address the House, scarcely ever except when he felt that there was some paramount necessity. Like all his royal brothers, he never spoke at any length-avoiding argument and betrayals of politi cal feeling more than were actually necessary to tions of nature, and during the last illness of George the Fourth a reconcilement took place.

utterance-no outward sign of any decay of the mental powers.

The public life of his late Royal Highness was not of a character to present much foundation for a biographical notice. As has been said, he did not frequently address the House of Lords, and his opinions and predilections were rather to be inferred from his associations than drawn from actual declarations. But in his private life there were some circumstances of a peculiar and even roman. tic nature.

the simple indication of opinion. His time and attention were in preference bestowed on more worthy and inore dignified objects-on the study and the patronage of the arts and sciences, of which he was a liberal and ever ready supporter. His conversaziones while President of the Royal Society were distinguished for their brilliancy and the equality that was studiously maintained among the guests while assembled on the common ground of learning and science. They were attended by all the first men of the day; and intellectual endowments were a more sure passport to admis- The sixth son of his late Majesty, George III., sion and to respect than rank or title. A marked he was born on the 27th of January, 1773. A preference of personal over adventitions qualities, great part of his early life was spent on the Contiin the choice of his associates, was indeed a strik-nent, principally in Italy. When twenty years of ing feature in the character of the late illustrious age-that is to say, in April, 1793-he espoused at duke-one which endeared him to many of those Rome, according to the forms of the Romish Church, who disapproved of the tendency of his political the Lady Augusta Murray, daughter of the Earl of predilections, but who repected in him this truly Dunmore. On their arrival in England, in the folEnglish virtue. From the affability and conde-lowing December, the marriage was again solemscension of his manners, his general intelligence, nized, according to the ritual of the Church of and his disregard of useless ceremony when he de- England, publicly, by banns, at St George's, Hansired to render himself agreeable, he was always a over square. These proceedings were, of course favorite as a chairman of public dinners of a chari- directly opposed to the Royal Marriage Act, which table nature, or those bearing more or less on the forbids the marriage of princes or princesses of the welfare of the liberal arts. Many a reader will re- blood royal with subjects of the British Crown. member the admirable manner in which he per- The proceedings of his Royal Highness gave deep formed the duties of president on these occasions and lasting offence to his father, who would not always seeming to be warmly and personally in- hear of any attempts to legalize the union, although terested in the objects that had called the assembly the duke, who preferred domestic happiness with together. the woman of his affection to all the splendors of royalty, offered to resign any claims to the throne which might accrue to him on condition of the marriage being allowed to remain in force. But all these remonstrances were ineffectual, the provisions of the statute were held to be not less neces

As a speaker in Parliament he was observable for facility of expression, and a straightforward simplicity and frankness in the expression of his opinions. His voice was clear, sonorous, and manly, and his delivery unembarrassed.

the marriage was in August, 1794, declared by the Ecclesiastical Court to be null and void. Two children-the present Sir Augustus D'Este and Miss D'Este-were the issue of this marriage. On the decision of Court being made known, Lady Augusta felt it to be due to herself to separate from her husband, and she retired into an honorable seclusion.

No one, who once saw him could possibly mis-sary than peremptory, and the result was that take him. Very tall, and physically well develop ed, he maintained in his youth and manhood the character of his family as one of the finest races of men in the kingdom. Not so handsome as George IV., he was, nevertheless, a man of marked and striking appearance, much resembling the late duke of York. Towards the close of his life, however, he grew infirm from the gout and other illnesses, so much so that it was with difficulty that he was able The position of Sir Augustus D'Este and his sisto rise and address the House. Sometimes he was ter is a most peculiar one. Recognized in society, requested to speak from his seat, as Lord Wynford and admitted to the royal circle as the children invariably does. What in youth had been full mus- of the duke, they are not legitimatized. Yet they cular development became, as he grew old, portli- are of royal blood by their mother's side as well as ness, and almost unwieldiness. Still it was not the their father's. Lady Augusta's father was the bloated looseness which indicates a constitution Earl of Galloway; so that by both parents Sir over-tasked by excess, but the natural expansion and Augustus descends from Henry the Seventh, James fulness in decay of originally fine organization. His the Second of Scotland, and William the First of costume was very singular. A blue or black coat Orange. As the son of the Lady Augusta Murray, (like a great coat), often with bright buttons, and he stood towards his father in the relationship of with very long and ample skirts reaching almost to seventh cousin. Sir Augustus is an officer in the the feet, was buttoned closely over the breast, fit-army, and is deputy ranger of St. James's and ting tight to the fulness of the figure. Above this compact mass rose his large fine head, hoary with the snows of nearly seventy years-white, rather than gray, hair falling on either side from the bald and shining surface-beetling in a thick brow over the eyes, the very lashes of which were also white, and covering the cheeks even down to the chin in whiskers not less snowy. This gave to his general figure a venerable appearance, like some aged pastor. But more generally the late duke wore a close-fitting black velvet skull-cap, that contrasted in a marked way with the white hair, and gave to his contour the air one might at tribute to a cardinal in undress. But although these attributes of feebleness and age were so prominent as to make it impossible to forget the duke's figure when once you saw it, yet when he claimed the attention of the House there was no want of intellectual vigor-no faltering of

Hyde Parks. He has never married.

In 1801 the prince was created Duke of Sussex (the dukedom being created for him) and Earl of Inverness. He was also Baron of Arklow. £12,000 a year was awarded him by Parliament, and subsequently an additional sum of £9,000 a year.

Always of Liberal sentiments, the circumstances attending the dissolution of the marriage made him still more averse to the Court, and still more disposed to adopt the views of the Whigs. On the death of his father further differences arose from his wholly disapproving of the conduct of George the Fourth towards Queen Caroline. He was therefore absent from Court, and chose his associ ates elsewhere. The present Lord Dinorben, when Mr. Hughes, used frequently to be his host, together with Mr. Coke, of Norfolk, and other gentlemen. The estrangement between the royal brothers, however, could not hold out against the common affec