MISCELLANY. the evaporating power of the boiler to be equal, foot for foot, to that of the locomotive steam-engine. [And it weighs, with its condenser and the water, but 600lb.] AERIAL STEAM CARRIAGE.-Accounts of the new "Aerial Steam Carriage" are floating about "The area of the sustaining surface will be, we the papers; delicious food for the wonder-mon-understand, not less than 4,500 square feet; the weight gers. One account is furnished by a corres to be sustained, including the carriage and its total pondent of the Times. The difficulty in the con- burden, is estimated at 3,000 pounds. The load is struction of aerial carriages has been, to combine said to be considerably less per square foot than that machinery adequate to the power of sustension and of many birds. It may assist the conceptions of our propulsion with the lightness requisite for floating in non-mechanical readers to add. that the general apa medium so thin as air. The idea of the carriage pearance of the machine is that of a gigantic bird invented by Mr. Henson is an ingenious plan of part-with stationary wings; that the mechanical principles concerned in its support are strongly exemplified in the case of a kite; and that its progress is maintained by an application of power like that which propels a steam-boat. In the operations of nature, particularly in the flight of birds, will be found many striking illustrations of the principles on which the inventor has proceeded."-Spectator. ly evading and partly subduing that difficulty. It is observed. that birds of strong flight, as the rook, take a great effort to rise from the ground, but that once on wings, fly with little effort, only requiring sufficient forward motion for progress and for keeping up the resistance of the air beneath their wings. Hence the principle of the new machine: a motion is imparted to it at starting by a foreign agency, so that the rise from the ground is performed by a power which is left behind and does not add to the weight. Then the expanded wings of the rook are imitated, so that machinery is only needed for propulsion and for a very small share in the act of sustension; and finally, by a new economy, the weight of the motive power is greatly reduced in comparison with its force. The machine is thus described EXPLOSION AT DOVER.-The great experiment of exploding 18,500 lbs or 8 tons of gunpowder, under Rounddown Cliff, took place on Thursday at 2 o'clock, and was successful. The account says, that on the signal being given, the miners communicated the electric spark to the gunpowder by their connecting wires; the earth trembled to half a mile distant, a stifled report, not loud, but deep, was "Its car, enclosed on all sides, and containing the heard, and the base of the cliff, extending on either passengers, managers, burden, and steam-engine, is hand to upwards of 500 feet, was shot as from a suspended to the middle of a framework, which is cannon from under the superincumbent mass of so constructed as to combine great strength with ex- said, than 1,000,000 tons being dislodged by the fearchalk seaward, and in a few seconds, not less, it is treme lightness, and is covered with any woven tex-ful shock, settled itself gently down into the sea ture which is moderately light and close. This main frame or expanded surface, which is 150 feet below, frothing and boiling as it displaced the long by 30 feet wide, serves in the most important liquid element, till it occupied the expanse of many respects as wings; yet it is perfectly jointless and acres, and extended outward on its occean bed to a without vibratory motion. It advances through the distance of perhaps 2,000 or 3.000 feet. Tremenair with one of its long sides foremost and a little ele- dous cheers followed the blast, and a royal salute vated. To the middle of the other long side is joinwas fired. The sight was, indeed, truly magnified the tail, of 50 feet in length, beneath which is the and the calculations of Mr. Cubitt, that it would apcent. Such was the precision of the engineers rudder. These important appendages effectually control the flight as to elevation and direction, and pear just so much of the cliff has been removed as are governed by cords proceeding from the car. Sit-is reckoned the blast will save the company £1.000 was wanted to make way for the sea-wall; and it uated at the back edge of the main frame, are two sets of vanes or propellers, of 20 feet in diameter, driven by the steam-engine. occurred. On the cliffs were Major-General Pasley, worth of hand labor. Not the slightest accident Sir J. Herschell, the Astronomer Royal, Professor Sedgwick, and many engineers.-Ibid. A STRANGE MEETING.-A letter from Alexandria says:-A curious meeting took place last month in the desert between Suez and Cairo. A Mr. Fawcett, who arrived here by the Oriental on his way to India, when at Cairo heard that his brother was ex "We have already said that the velocity of the machine is imparted at its starting. This is effected by its being made to descend an inclined plane: during the descent the covering of the wings is reefed. but before the machine reaches the bottom that covering is rapidly spread: by this time the velocity acquired by the descent is so great, that the resistance produced by the oblique impact of the sloping under-pected by that month's steamer from Bombay The surface of the wings on the air is sufficient to sustain the entire weight of the machine, just as a brisk wind upholds a kite: but while the pneumatic resistance thus procured by the velocity prevents the falling of the carriage, it opposes also its forward flight: to overcome this latter and smaller resistance is the office of the steam engine. "The chief peculiarities of this important member of the carriage are the respective constructions of its boiler and condenser. The former consists of hollow inverted truncated cones, arranged above and around the furnace; they are about fifty in number, and large enough to afford 100 square feet of evaporating surface, of which half is exposed to radiating heat. The condenser is an assemblage of small pipes exposed to the stream of air produced by the flight of the machine. It is found to produce a vacuum of from 5 to 8 pounds to the square inch. The steam is employed in two cylinders, and is cut off at one-fourth of the stroke. Our engineering readers will be able to gather from these particulars, that the steam-engine is of about 20-horse power, supposing two brothers had never seen each other, the one being born in England whilst the elder brother was in India, where he had lived 32 years. As the younger Mr. Fawcett was proceeding across the desert on his donkey, he called out to the groups of travellers he met coming from Suez, whether Major Fawcett was amongst them, and towards midnight a voice answered to Mr. Fawcett's call, and the two brothers shook hands in the dark; they both expressed a wish to see each other's face; but no light was to be had, and the two parties they belonged to having gone on, they were obliged to part again, not having been together more than three or four minutes. POLICE STATIONS.-The London City Mission have presented fifty volumes to each police station for the instruction of the men attached to it. They consist of the sacred writings, sermons, theological and moral works, with the biographies and travela of good, moral, and religious men. The works can be read at the station-houses, or taken home under restrictions.-Athenæum. SCIENCE AND ARTS. the hollow axle was better able to resist the effects of vibration and all strains than a solid one, because the comparative strength of axles is as the cubes of their diameters, and their comparative weights only as their squares: consequently with less weight in the hollow axle there must be an increase of strength; and also that the vibration had a free circulation through the whole length of the hollow axle, no part being subject to an unequal shock from the vibration, and that the axle would therefore receive less injury from this cause than a solid one. A long series of experiments, which had been made in the presence of Major-Gen. Pasley and numerous engineers, were then read, and showed results confirmatory of the position assumed by the author of the paper. In the discussion which ensued, it was allowed that theoretically the hollow axles must be stronger than the solid ones, inasmuch as the same weight of metal was better distributed, and the practical exeriments fully bore out the theory.-10. PERTURBATIONS OF THE PLANETS.-Translation of a letter from Prof. Hansen to G. B. Airy, Esq., the astronomer royal, " On a new method of computing the perturbations of planets, whose eccentricities and inclinations are not small;" was communicated by G. B. Airy, Esq. "Sir, I hasten to communicate to you a piece of astronomical intelligence of some importance. You are aware that all the methods that we possess for calculating the perturbations of the planets suppose that the eccentricities and inclinations are small; and that for those of the celestial bodies which move in orbits very eccentric and very much inclined, we have been hitherto obliged to calculate the differentials of the perturbations for a great number of points of the orbits, and to integrate them by mechanical quadratures. I have just now discovered a method by which we can calculate the absolute perturbations, that is to say, the perturbations for any time whatever, whatever be the eccentricity of the ellipse and the incli- THE IRIS.-On the Structure and mode of action of nation of the orbit. For a first example of this the Iris, by C. R. Hall, Esq. After reciting the vamethod, I have calculated the perturbations of the rious discordant opinions entertained at different comet of Encke produced by Saturn. The series to periods by anatomists and physiologists relative to which my method leads are of such rapid conver-the structure and actions of the Iris, the author progence, that the perturbations of the longitude con- ceeds to give an account of his microscopical exatain only forty-six terms, and the perturbations of mination of the texture of this part of the eye, in difthe radius vector and of the latitude somewhat fewer ferent animals. He considers the radiated plicæ, than this. I have reason to believe that it is impos- which are seen on the uvea, in Mammalia, as not sible to reduce them to a less number of terms." being muscular; but he agrees with Dr. Jacob in The value for the time of perihelion passage was regarding them as being analogous in structure to the example given—exhibiting a result of the fol- the ciliary processes. The white lines and elevations lowing differences: apparent on the anterior surface of the human iris, he supposes to be formed by the ciliary nerves which interlace with one another in the form of a plexus. The iris, he states, is composed of two portions; the first consisting of a highly vascular tissue, connected by vessels with the choroid, ciliary processes, of the perturbations of longitude. "These differ- sclerotica and coneat and abundantly supplied with ences," Prof. Hansen proceeds to say, as well as nerves, which, in the human iris, appear, in a front those of the perturbations of the radius vector, are view, as thread-like striæ, and which are invested, smaller than might have been expected, when we on both surfaces, by the membrane of the aqueous reflect on the total diversity of the methods em- humor. They are more or less thickly covered ployed, and the long calculations which the method with pigment, which, by its varying colour, imparts of mechanical quadratures requires. Besides, my to the iris on the anterior surface its characteristic method is so simple that I am astonished at not hav-hue, and, by its darkness on the posterior surface ing discovered it long ago; I have employed only eight days for the calculation of the preceding perturbations, the general expression of which belongs to every point of the orbit of the comet. I have thus succeeded in solving this problem, of which we till the present time possessed no solution."-Literary Gazelle. +1.52 -0.69 renders an otherwise semi-transparent structure perfectly opaque. The second component portion of the iris consists of a layer of concentric muscular fibres; which fibres, in man and mammalia generally, are situated on the posterior surface of the pupillary portion of the iris; but which, in birds, extend much nearer to the ciliary margin, and consequently form a much broader layer. In fishes HOLLOW AXLES.-An account was then given, by and some reptiles they do not exist at all. The auMr. J.O. York, of the experiments upon the strength thor then proceeds to inquire into the bearings which of the ordinary solid axles as compared with the these concluions may have on the physiology of the hollow axles invented by him. The paper descri- iris. He thinks that the phenomena of its motions bed the cominon causes of fracture, concussion and can receive no satisfactory explanation on the hypovibration, produced by various circumstances-such thesis of erectility alone, or on that of the antagonism as a bad state of the line, the sudden opposition of of two se s of muscular fibres, the one for dilating, any obstacle on the rails, or the shocks arising from the other for contracting the pupil. He is convinthe wheels striking upon the blocks or the chairs ced that the contraction of the pupil is the effect of when thrown off the line. The force of vibration muscular action; but does not consider the knowand its tendency to produce fracture in rigid bodies, ledge we at present possess as sufficient to enable us and to destroy the most fibrous texture of iron where to determine the nature of the agent by which its elasticity was prevented, as is the case with railway- dilation is effected. He, however, throws it out as axles, were then discussed, and compared with the a conjecture. that this latter action may be the result like action on the axles of ordinary road-carriages, of an unusual degree of vital contractility residing where the concussion was reduced by an elasilc me- either in the cellular tissues, or in the minute blooddium, such as the wood-spokes of the wheels. By vessels of the iris. It is from elasticity, he believes, calculation, it was shown that the twisting strain that the iris derives its power of accommodation to arising from the curves of the railway was of too chauges of size, and its tendency to return to its nasmall an amount to be considered as a cause of de-tural state from extremes either of dilatation or of struction to the wheels or axles even on lines with contraction; but beyond this, elasticity is not concurves of short radii. And it was contended that cerned in its movements.-Ib. OBITUARY. ers was unremitting, as his anxious solicitude for the poor was unbounded. With a liberality worthy of being emulated by many incumbents of much THE DEATH OF SOUTHEY.-Robert Southey has more richly endowed benefices, he, at his sole exbeen released from sufferings which for more than two years had been matter of the deepest sympathy,lished, the interior of his parish church, and renpence, refitted, and with scrupulous taste embelanxiety, and sorrow. He died at Greta House on dered it one of the most simply beautiful edifices Tuesday last, in his 69th year. This is not the time for discussion of his cha-dedicated to the service of God, in the country. In racter or his literary claims, but who can doubt that the respect and admiration of all who honor virtue and genius, will follow, Southey to the grave every relation of social life he endeared himself to those who knew him, however casually, by the warmth of his feeling, the courteous benignity of his manner, the gentleness of his disposition, and Few men have written so much and written so well. No man has passed through a long life, al-tressed." The loss of so good, so truly pious, so exhis sympathy for all who were "afflicted or dismost continually in the public eye, with so much emplary a man, even under the circumstances high and blameless purpose, and with such unstain-incidental to our common nature, must have been ed honesty. We may grieve that he changed the opinions with which he started in an ardent youth, but those were times when opinions of the most resolute men were shaken. And Southey never forfeited his station or his character. He did not become a hack, or a party tool. The dignity of literature never suffered in his person. deeply and severely felt by all around him; but there is something inscrutable to mortal comprehension in that awful-nay, appalling-dispensa tion of Providence, by which a life so thoroughly devoted to the service of God, and to the good of his fellow-creature, was in an instant terminated. Mr. Southey's prose is of the best in the language. Bruce, for the purpose of looking over the new Montgomery left Wilton House, with the Earl It is clear, vigorous, and manly; with no small church building at East Grafton, in the parish of prettinesses in it, but full and muscular as that of Great Bedwyn. During the preceding fortnight our older and stronger race of writers; and often the eastern portion of the nave had been covered sparkling with a current of quaint grave humorin with a stone vault, and the construction had which is singularly fascinating. His greater poems, however judgments may differ concerning them, are at least written on solid principles, and with a sustained power of lofty art. As to his shorter poems, no difference, we apprehend, is likely to exist, now or in any time to come. They are as fine as any thing in the language. His range of pursuit was extraordinary, and his unwearied diligence recalled the severer and nobler days of English study. As we write we have received what follows from one of the most devoted of his personal friends, to whom is left (not among his least rich possessions) the sad but honorable memory of the long affection which Southey bore him, and by which both will continue to be associated in far distant times: ON THE DEATH OF SOUTHEY. Not the last struggles of the Sun What voice in anguish can we raise ? March 23rd. WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR. REV. G. A. MONTGOMERY.-Dec. 1. Aged 49, the Rev. George Augustus Montgomery, M. A. Rector of Bishopstone, in South Wilts, and Prebendary of Ruscombe, in the Cathedral Church of Sarum. Mr. Montgomery was the son of a gentleman supposed to be a sion of the noble house of Herbert. He was of Oriel college, Oxford, and was presented to the rectory of Bishopstone by George Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, in 1821. Amogst the parochial clergy of the diocese, there was not one who more conscientiously, faithfully, or zealously "served at the altar," and fulfilled all the functions of his sacred office, than did the late Rector of Bishopstone. His days were passed in the unceasing exercise of every Christian duty; his attention to the spiritual condition of his parishion. been carefully examined by the architect, and by persons connected with the works, and they unanimously considered it to be perfectly secure-and this, too, but a very short time before the fatal occurrence which we have the painful duty of recording. At half-past one o'clock, Mr. Montgomery, accompanied by the Earl Bruce, the Rev. John Ward, Vicar of Great Bedwyn, his nephew Mr. Gabriel, Mr. Ferrey, and the clerk of the works, entered to inspect the new church, from which the ing. The whole party had gone through the church in the first instance, and were assembled in the chancel. Mr. Montgomery and Mr. Ward separated from the rest after a few minutes, and were returning into the nave to get a better view of the vaulting. Mr. Gabriel followed them. Mr. Ward was in advance, and hearing a crack, sprang forward. Mr. Gabriel also saved himself by jumping into the north aisle; but Mr. Montgomery, unhappily being more in the centre, was completely covered by the falling mass, and instantaneously killed. Independent of fractures of the skull, both in the forehead and at the base, there was a compound fracture of the left thigh, and the right arm was broken close to the elbow. An inquest was holden on the body before a most respectable jury, and a verdict of "Accidental Death" returned. centres of the arches had been removed that morn. Mr. Montgomery married Cecilia, daughter of the Very Rev. George Markham. D.D. late Dean of York, but has left no issue. -Gentlemen's Magazine. THE LATE MICHAEL J. QUIN, Esq.-We regret to announce the death of this gentleman, which took place on Sunday last at Boulogna-sur-mer. Mr. Quin, who was, we believe, in his 50th year, had been for some time in a declining state of health, and has left a wife and three daughters, we fear, quite unprovided for. Mr. Quin was well known to general readers as the author of Travels in Spain," and of "A Steamboat Voyage down the Danube;" and to a more limited circle he was known as an extensive contributor to periodical publications. Mr. Quin's politics were uniformly liberal and consistent, and some years ago he wrote many able articles upon our foreign policy in this journal. He was also, for some time, editor of "The Dublin Review."-Britannia. SUTTON SHARPE, Esq.-Died on the 22nd inst, at his chambers in Lincoln's inn, Sutton Sharpe, Esq., Queen's counsel, aged forty-five. Mr. Sharpe some time ago had a paralytic attack, but it was believed by his friends that he was in a fair way of recovery, so much so that to several friends, who passed some hours with him on the night of Sunday last, he appeared in excellent spirits, taking a lively interest in the various subjects of conversation which were started. Mr. Sharpe, to great professional knowledge, added extensive information, on most subjects, and his conversation was peculiarly agreeable. His death will create a great sensation in Paris, as well as in London; for there were few men in the French Capital who during the last twenty years have been distinguished in science, literature, or politics, with whom he was not on relations of intimacy. At the bar he was held in the very highest estimation for his many excellent qualities, both of the head and heart, and no man was a more general favorite in society, into the best circles of which he had access from a very early age. He was a nephew of Mr. Rogers, the banker and poet. In politics Mr. Sutton Sharpe was a decided Liberal; but such was the amenity of his manners, that even in the times when politics ran highest in this country, as during the Reform Bill, we do not believe his stout assertion of his principles ever lost him a friend. We trust that some of the accomplished friends of Mr. Sharpe will do that justice to his memory which his many virtues so eminently merit.-Morning Chronicle. [Mr. Sutton Sharpe was one of the most valuable men of our time. There was no judgment so much to be relied upon. His mind, too, was not less remarkable for its solidity than its activity, and it was most prolific in useful suggestions. It was hardly possible to converse with him without carrying off some new knowledge or subject to be worked upon. His mind was full of stores, which he made available for the good labors of others. We never knew any one so quick in seeing what should be done, and in chalking out the plan for doing it, and pointing out whence the materials are to be derived. Mr. Sutton Sharpe was a learned lawyer in leading practice, but he had also much more than the learning of a lawyer. His knowledge of men and things and books was extensive. Hardly a subject could be started on which he could not bring an COMMODORE DAVID PORTER.-We have to record the death of Commodore Porter, Chargé d'Affaires at Constantinople, on the 3d of March. The commodore has discharged the duties of his station with distinguished ability for many years: and his memory will be gratefully cherished by numerous strangers who have felt the kindness of his attention to them in a foreign land. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. The History of Junius and his Works; and a Review This is a very able book; well arranged in its plan, acute thought or some new information to bear. In conduct he was justly looked upon as a pattern man, and the esteem and attachment of all the best men of his time were his. There were few happier men-fewer still who better deserved happi. ness. His career was one of uninterrupted success, and the most brilliant professional prospects were before him, but prosperity never in the slightest degree spoiled him, and he never forgot an old friend, nor failed to return a hundred-fold an old kindness. The attachments of his youth have strengthened up to the hour of his death. A wiser and a better man the writer of this sad tribute never knew, nor a more true and constant friend.]-criticism so fascinating, in none so free from the Examiner. FREDERIC D'ADELUNG.-Letters from St. Petersburgh announce the death in that city, at the age of seventy-four, of Frederic d'Adelung. Adelung was born at Stettin, in Prussia, and was son of the still more illustrious linguist of the same name. The son is the author of numerous works on the languages and literature of the East, and on Asiatic, Russian, Scandinavian, and German antiquities.-Athenæum. dogmatising and wilful spirit which would sometimes cloud his exquisite judgment, as in that of the Fine Arts. The opening sketches of this volume, on the picture galleries of Angerstein, Dulwich, Stafford, Windsor, Hampton, Grosvenor, Wilton, Burleigh, Oxford, and Blenheim, are compositions as charming as those of the best paintings they can celebrate, and throw a light upon them warm and rich as their own. The elaborate and eloquent treatise from the Encyclopædia Britannica is included in this re-publication, with an article on flaxman from the Edinburgh Review, and some Essays (excellent)! The Christian contemplated; in a Course of Lectures must always command a wide and attentive This is a reprint of one of the many admirable serial papers in Blackwood's Magazine, which, hav. ing undergone revision, are now in the course of reproduction in this more enduring form. Tom Cringle,s Log and other works have been similarly published, and proved very welcome additions to the library of fiction. In the instance before us we have to observe, besides a complete revision, some additions to the original text. Mr. William Truck, seeing that he began his lucubrations three-andtwenty years ago, was, we suppose, about the first who plunged into nautical matters in the great wake of Smollett, and seems to have found himself exposed to a deal of squeamishness in consequence. The magazine indeed-assailed by "officers and com SELECT LIST OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS. GREAT BRITAIN. Theophania; or, Divine manifestation of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. By Eusebius, Bishop of Cæsarea, Edited from a manuscript recently discovered, by Prof. Samuel Lee, M. D. The Plea of Insanity in Criminal Cases. By Forbes Winslow, Esq. M. R. C. S. 12mo. Reeds shaken with the Wind. By the Rev. K. S. Hawker, M. A. Vicar of Morwenstow, Cornwall. Enter into thy Closet ; or, Secret Prayer. By Rev. James McGill. The Duties of the Married State. By James Foster, M. D. Murray's Handbook for Travellers in Central Italy, including the Papal States, Rome and the cities of Etruria. Letters of Mary Queen of Scots, illustrative of her Personal History, now first published from the Originals. Edited by Agnes Strickland. Vol. 3, 8vo. GERMANY. Corpus Reformatorum. Edidit C. G. Bretschneider. Vol. x. Philippi Melanthonis Opera. Vol. x. Halis Sax. Commentar über d. Psalmen, von Dr. E. W. Hengstenberg 1 Bd. 8vo. Berlin. Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Darstellung der Geschichte der neuern PhilosLeibnitz und ophie. 2r Bd. 2te Abtheil. die Entwicklung des Idealismus vor Kant. Leipzig. Verhandlungen der vierten Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulmänner in Bonn 1841. Bonn. De Romæ veteris muris, atque portis; von G. A. Becker. Lips. Mythologische Forschungen und Sammlungen, von Wolfgang Menzel. Stuttgart. FRANCE. Napoléon et l'Angleterre. Campagne de Pologne. Par le Vicomte de Marquessac. Paris. manders" for Mr. William's "trivial distinctions Poésies complètes de Robert Burns, traduites de l'Ecossais, par M. Leon de Wailly; avec une Introduction du même. Paris. Rimes Heroïques, par Auguste Barbier. Paris. Discours de M. Lamartine, prononcé à la Chambre de Députés, revue par luimême. Paris. Monographie de la Presse Parisienne, |