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and for other purposes, 26 Stat. c. 1244, pp. 567, 612, to suspend by
proclamation the free introduction of sugar, molasses, coffee, tea and
hides, when he is satisfied that any country producing such articles
imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other prod
ucts of the United States, which he may deem to be reciprocally
unequal or unreasonable, is not open to the objection that it unconsti
tutionally transfers legislative power to the President, (FULLER, C. J.,
and LAMAR, J., dissenting ;) but even if it were it does not follow that
other parts of the act imposing duties upon imported articles, are
inoperative. Ib.

18. The court does not decide whether the provision in that act respecting
bounties upon sugar (schedule E, Sugar, 26 Stat. 583) is or is not con-
stitutional, because it is plain from the act that these bounties do not
constitute a part of the system of customs duties imposed by the act,
and it is clear that the parts of the act imposing such duties would
remain in force even if these bounties were held to be unconstitution-
ally imposed. Ib.

See CRIMINAL LAW, 3, 4, 7;

JURISDICTION, B, 6;

TAX AND TAXATION, 2.

CONTRACT.

In the interpretation of any particular clause of a contract, the court is not
only at liberty, but required, to examine the entire contract, and may
also consider the relations of the parties, their connection with the
subject matter of the contract, and the circumstances under which it
was made. Chicago, Rock Island &c. Railway v. Denver & Rio Grande
Railroad, 596.

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1. Under § 3894 of the

CRIMINAL LAW.

Revised Statutes, as amended by the act of Sep-
tember 19, 1890, c. 908, (26 Stat. 465,) in regard to the carriage of
lottery matter in the mail, it is an offence to cause a lottery circular,

mailed at the city of New York, and addressed there to a person in
Illinois, to be delivered to such person in Illinois, by mail, and an
indictment for so doing is triable in Illinois. Horner v. United States,
No. 1, 207.

2. At common law it was deemed essential in capital cases that inquiry be
made of the defendant before judgment was passed whether he had
anything to say why sentence of death should not be pronounced upon
him; thus giving him an opportunity to allege any ground of arrest,
or to plead a pardon if he had obtained one, or to urge any legal
objection to further proceedings against him. And if the record did
not show that such privilege was accorded to him the judgment would
be reversed. Schwab v. Berggren, 442.

3. This rule, however, does not apply to an appellate court, which, upon
review of the proceedings in the trial court, merely affirms a final
judgment, without rendering a new one. Due process of law does not
require his presence in the latter court at the time the judgment sen-
tencing him to death is affirmed. Ib.

4. Neither the statutes of Illinois nor due process of law, require that the
accused, upon the affirmance of the judgment sentencing him to death,
shall be sentenced anew by the trial court. The judgment is not
vacated by the writ of error; only its execution is stayed pending pro-
ceedings in the appellate court. Ib.

5. The time and place of executing the sentence of death is not strictly
part of the judgment unless made so by statute. lb.

6. The governor of Illinois has power under the constitution of that State,
to commute the punishment of death to imprisonment for life in the
penitentiary. Ib.

7. F. was convicted of murder, in the Criminal Court of Cook County,
Illinois, and sentenced by that court to suffer the penalty of death.
Upon writ of error to the Supreme Court of Illinois, that judgment
was affirmed and the day fixed in the original judgment for carrying
the sentence into execution having passed, that court fixed another
day. After the expiration of the term the accused applied for a cor-
rection of the record of the Supreme Court, so as to show that he was
not present in that court when the original judgment was affirmed,
and another day fixed for the execution. The application was denied
upon the ground, in part, that amendments of the record of the court
in derogation of the final judgment could not be allowed at a subse-
quent term. Held, (1) That the law of Illinois, as declared by its
highest court, in respect to amendments of the record, was applicable
to all persons within the jurisdiction of that State, and its enforce-
ment against the plaintiff in error was not a denial to him by the State
of the equal protection of the laws; (2) That due process of law did
not require the presence of the accused in the appellate court when
the original judgment of the trial court was affirmed, and a new day
fixed for his execution. Fielden v. Illinois, 452.

CUSTOMS DUTIES.

See CONSTITUTIONAL Law, A, 17, 18; STAtute, B, 4.

DILIGENCE.

See LACHES.

DISCOVERY.

See EQUITY, 1.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

1. Section 354 of Rev. Stat. Dist. Columb., providing that "no person shall
be appointed to office, or hold office in the police force [of the District
of Columbia] who cannot read and write the English language, or who
is not a citizen of the United States, or who shall ever have been in-
dicted and convicted of crime; and no person shall be appointed as
policeman or watchman who has not served in the army or navy of
the United States and received an honorable discharge" was repealed
by the act of June 11, 1878, "providing a permanent form of govern-
ment for the District of Columbia." 20 Stat. 102, c. 180. District of
Columbia v. Hutton, 18.

2. Eckloff v. District of Columbia, 135 U. S. 240, affirmed as to the point
that the act of June 11, 1878, 20 Stat. 102, c. 180, supplied to the Dis-
trict of Columbia for the first time a permanent form of government
in the nature of a constitution.

Ib.

EJECTMENT.

See JURISDICTION, C, 2.

EQUITY.

1. A decree in a suit in equity found that T., an individual defendant, and
the remaining assets of a corporation defendant, were liable to the
plaintiff for the sum of $10,000 paid by him into the treasury of the
company, at the instance of T., for a certificate of stock therein, which
company was represented to him by T., who was its president, to be
in a flourishing condition, when, in fact, it was insolvent; and dis-
tributed $176.24 as the remaining assets of the company, of which
$13.24 went to the plaintiff as a credit on his claim for $10,000; and.
decreed that T. pay to the plaintiff $10,000, subject to a credit of the
$13.24. There was no demurrer to the bill for multifariousness, and
no objection taken in the court below for want of equity. The bill set
out fraud in T., and that the $10,000 was due to the plaintiff by T.
and the company, and required answers to interrogatories, which
answers referred to the books of the company for information: Held,
(1) To support jurisdiction in equity, there were in the case discovery,
account, fraud, misrepresentation and concealment; the objection to
the jurisdiction was not taken in the court below; and the case was not

one of a plain defect of equity jurisdiction, under § 723 of the Revised
Statutes; (2) The decree was not outside of the case made by the bill,
but gave relief agreeable to it, under the prayer for general relief; (3)
The evidence sustained the decree, and the report of a master, finding
in favor of the plaintiff the facts on which the decree was based, was
not excepted to by T. Tyler v. Savage, 79.

2. A court of equity will not aid a party whose application is destitute of
conscience, good faith and reasonable diligence, but will discourage
stale demands, for the peace of society, by refusing to interfere
where there has been gross laches in prosecuting rights, or where long
acquiescence in the assertion of adverse rights has occurred; and in
these respects each case must be governed by its own circumstances.
Hammond v. Hopkins, 224.

8. A suit in equity being appropriate for determining the boundary between
two States, the fact that the present suit is in equity, and not at law,
is no valid objection to it. United States v. Texas, 621.

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1. On the trial of an action to recover from a carrier freights improperly
collected from the consignees on shipments by plaintiff, the plaintiff,
who was his own witness, was asked several questions with the apparent
design of showing that he had had other transactions with the defend-
ant, upon which he was indebted to defendant, and that there was
a judgment pending against him in favor of defendant. Held, that
these questions were not admissible. National Steamship Co. v. Tug-
man, 28.

2. It being shown that a paper was served as a copy of an affidavit on
behalf of the defendant, with an order to show cause in the action on
trial, it is thereby sufficiently authenticated to enable it to be read in
evidence against him, and it is competent evidence on behalf of the
plaintiff as an admission by the defendant that the facts stated in the
affidavit are true. Ib.

3. Parol evidence of what is said between a passenger on a railroad and
the ticket-seller of the company, at the time of the purchase by
the passenger of his ticket, is admissible as going to make up the
contract of carriage and forming part of it. Erie Railroad Co. v.
Winter, 60.

4. In order to justify a court in refusing to enforce a settlement of a quar-
rel between the members of a large family, growing out of disputes
about the wills of their father and other members of the family, and
out of money transactions between brothers and sisters, upon the
ground that the settlement was obtained by misrepresentation, active
or covert, or that it failed to express the real intent of the parties, the

testimony should establish the fact clearly and satisfactorily; and in
this case it is not so established. Chandler v. Pomeroy, 318.

See CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, A, 15;
MINERAL LAND.

EXCEPTION.

After the term at which a trial took place has expired, without the court's
control over the case being reserved by standing rule or special order,
and especially after a writ of error has been entered in this court, the
court below cannot allow a bill of exceptions then first presented, or
amend a bill of exceptions already allowed and filed. Michigan
Insurance Bank v. Eldred, 293.

EXECUTOR AND ADMINISTRATOR.

1. An administrator, appointed in one State, who, after appearing and
having judgment rendered against him as such in a suit in equity
brought in another State, the laws of which authorize a foreign admin-
istrator to sue there, files a bill of review in the same court to reverse
the decree, for the reason that, not being an administrator appointed
by the courts of that State, he could not be sued there, is bound by
the original judgment against him, if his bill of review is dismissed
for want of equity. Lawrence v. Nelson, 215.

2. The general equity jurisdiction of the Circuit Court of the United
States to administer, as between citizens of different States, the assets
of a deceased person within its jurisdiction cannot be defeated or im-
paired by laws of a State undertaking to give exclusive jurisdiction to
its own courts. lb.

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Where a person is committed in one district, by a United States commis-
sioner, for trial in another, the question of his identity cannot be re-
viewed on habeas corpus. Horner v. United States, No. 1, 207.

INTERNAL REVENUE.

The stealing of distilled spirits from a distillery warehouse by reason of
the omission of the internal revenue officers to provide sufficient locks
on the doors affords no defence to an action on the distiller's bond to
pay the tax due on the spirits before their removal and within three
years from the date of entry. United States v. Witten, 76.

VOL. CXLIII-46

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