TURGID

18th-c. quotations of the OED, which itself uses -fs. See -VE(D). turgid makes -est; see -ER & -EST 4. For turgidity, -idness, see -TY & -NESS. Turk makes Turco, & Turco- (in compounds, as Turcophil, phobe, -mania), but Turkery, Turkic, Turkism, & Turkize (as well as Turkey & Turkish).

turkey. Pl. -eys.

Turk(o)man. See TURCOMAN.

turn, v. In the age idiom three constructions are recognized : I have turned 20, I am turned of 20, & I am turned 20; the last (see for the construction INTRANSITIVE P.P.) is apparently of more recent origin than the second, but is said by the OED to be now more usual in England; the 'of' has certainly an fashioned or provincial sound. turnip makes ipy; see -P-, -pp-. turn-over. See TECHNICAL terms. turps. See CURTAILED Words.

old

turquoise. Pronunciation debatable. With Ben Jonson, Shakspere, Milton, & Tennyson, all for ter'kiz (or something like it), it is a pity that we cannot return to that; but the adoption of the later French spelling has corrupted us, & the OED labels ter'kiz archaic; it refuses, on the other hand, to recognize the kw sound for the -qu- & complete the triumph of spelling; ter'koiz seems the best solution.

turret makes -eted; see -T-, -TT-. tusser, tussore. The first, though now the less used, is preferable not only as keeping the sound of the last syllable closer to the original, but also as preventing a shift of the accent from the tus-. T. is a sufficient name for the material without the addition of silk.

tutoress. FEMININE DESIGNATIONS. tuyere. Pronounce twer.

twelvemo, 12mo. See FOLIO. Pl. -os; see -0(E)s, 6.

twenties, thirties, &c. These words do not require an apostrophe (the 'Twenties &c.) when used for the years 20-29 &c. of a century, & still less for those of a person's life.

twentymo, twenty-fourmo, 20mo, 24mo. See FOLIO. Pl. -08; see -O(E)S 6.

twilit. The earliest OED quotation for the word is 1869, so that it is, whatever its merits may be, not venerable. Its formation implies a verb to twilight made from the noun; & that verb, though unknown to most of us, is recorded to have been used; it also implies that to twilight has p.p. twilit rather than twilighted, which is not impossible. But, though twilit can therefore not be absolutely ruled out, it is better to use twilight attributively where, as usually, that does the work as well, & elsewhere to do without. In the two following quotations, twilight would have served at least as well He found himself free of a fanciful world where things happened as he preferred a twilit world in which substance melted into shadow./The years of the war were a clear & brilliantly lit passage between two periods of twilit entanglement.

66

twine, v., makes -nable; see MUTE E. TWOPENCE COLOURED. The insertion of irrelevant details, resort to needless rhetoric, & such devices for the heightening of effect, move the reader (as Mr Burchell at the conclusion of every sentence would cry out Fudge ") to exclaim in more modern phrase twopence coloured!'. A couple of specimens of what meets us every day must suffice; it will be noticed that cantons & heights & plains have nothing to do with the matter; & that the rhetoric of the second extract has a very factitious sound :Again, I look around & see in the Cantons of Switzerland, on the heights of Quebec, & in the plains of Hungary, Protestants & Roman Catholics living, as a rule, in harmony & peace together./The glib, thin-lipped Burian, the soulless hybrid product of Magyar arrogance & of the Vienna Ballplatz diplomacy, has already been swept away with the polished formulas on which he thought to ride the storm.

-TY & -NESS

-TY & -NESS. The number of legitimate words in -ness is limited only by that of the adjectives that exist in English; but, though any adjective may be formed into a noun on occasion by the addition of -ness, the nouns of that pattern actually current are much fewer, there being hundreds, usually preferred to the -ness forms, that are made from Latin adjectives with -ty, -ety, or -ity, as their ending. Thus from one & loyal & various we can make for special purposes oneness, loyalness, & variousness; but ordinarily we prefer unity, loyalty, & variety. Of the ty words that exist, a very large majority are for all purposes commoner & better than the corresponding -ness words, usage & not anti-Latinism being the right arbiter. Scores of words could be named, such as ability, honesty, notoriety, prosperity, sanity, stupidity, for which it is hard to imagine any good reason for substituting ableness, notoriousness, &c. On the other hand words in -ness that are better than existent forms in -ty are rare; perhaps acuteness & conspicuousness have the advantage of acuity & conspicuity; & if perspicuousness could be established in place of perspicuity it might help to obviate the common confusion with perspicacity; but in general a -ty word that exists is to be preferred to its rival in -ness, unless total or partial differentiation has been established, or is designed for the occasion. Total differentiation has taken place between ingenuity & ingenuousness, casualty & casualness, sensibility & sensibleness, enormity & enormousness; the use of either form instead of the other necessarily changes or destroys the meaning. Partial differentiation results from the more frequent use made of the -ty words; both terminations have, to start with, the abstract sense of the quality for which the adjective stands; but while most of the -ness words, being little used, remain abstract & still denote quality only, many of the -ty

-TY & -NESS

words acquire by much use various concrete meanings in addition; e.g., humanity, curiosity, variety, beside the senses being human, curious, various, acquire those of all human beings', 'a curious object', & a sub-species'. Or again they are so habitually applied in a limited way that the full sense of the adjective is no longer naturally suggested by them; preciosity is limited to literary or artistic style, maturity suggests the moment of reaching rather than the state of matureness, purity & frailty take a sexual tinge that pureness & frailness are without, poverty is more nearly confined to lack of money than poorness. It is when lucidity requires the excluding of some such meaning or implication attached only to the -ty form that a -ness word may reasonably be substituted.

One or two articles under which special remarks will be found are BARBARISM &c., ENORMOUS, OBLIQUENESS, OPACITY, POVERTY, PRECIOSITY, SENSIBILITY. For similar distinctions between other nearly equivalent terminations, see -CE, -CY, -IC(AL), -ION & -NESS, -ION & -MENT, -ISM & -ITY.

A few specimens may be added & classified that have not been cited above, but are notable in some way. A. Some words in -ty for which, the Latin adjective not having been taken into English, there is no companion in -ness: celerity, cupidity, debility, fidelity, integrity, lenity, utility. B. Some more in which the -ty word has a marked concrete or limited sense not shared by the other capacity, commodity, fatality, festivity, monstrosity, nicety, novelty, speciality, subtlety.

C.

Some of the few in -ness that are as much used as those in -ty, or more, though the -ty words exist : clearness (clarity), crudeness, falseness, graciousness, inevitableness, jocoseness, literalness, litigiousness, morbidness, moroseness, passiveness, ponderousness, positiveness, punctiliousness, spaciousness, sub

TYCOON

limeness, tenseness, unctuousness. D. Some -ness words that have no corresponding form in -ty, though the adjective is of Latin origin & might have been expected to produce one crispness, facetiousness, firmness, largeness, massiveness, naturalness, obsequiousness, pensiveness, proneness, robustness, rudeness, seriousness, tardiness, tediousness, tenderness (tenerity), vastness, vileness.

=

tycoon, shogun. Two separate titles of different meanings, describing the same person; t.= great prince, s. army-leader. The official so named was the military ruler of Japan in the times (before 1867) when the Mikado's temporal power was usurped; & the title tycoon was substituted in diplomatic dealings for that of shogun, used at home, in order to represent him to foreigners as the real sovereign.

tyke, tike. The earliest quotations show y, & in modern use (from 1800) it is, in the OED, six times as common as i; see Y & I.

tyle(r). See tile(r). tympanum. Pl. -na.

type. 1. For some synonyms of the noun, see SIGN. 2. The verb makes -pable; see MUTE E. 3 (below). Sizes of printing-type. 4. (below). Type, prototype, &c. 5. (below). Type-writer)(typist.

The

3. Sizes of printing-type. following list of size-names, in order from small to large, may be useful: brilliant, diamond, pearl, ruby, nonpareil, emerald, minion, brevier (briver'), bourgeois (berjoi's), long primer, small pi'ca, pi'ca, English, great pri'mer, canon.

4. Type, prototype, antitype, antetype. There is much confusion & other misuse of these words, as in all the following extracts & in some others given under PROTOTYPE :— Foremost among them is the aged Wu Ting Fang, an Oriental prototype of the Vicar of Bray (should be antitype, or better parallel)./People may wonder whether he always knows the meaning of the words he uses

when they find him calling a wooden copy of the Queen Elizabeth put up to deceive the Germans her prototype (antitype, if any type, but better counterfeit)./The fees of the most successful barristers in France do not amount to more than a fraction of those earned by their prototypes in England (should be fellows or confrères or likes)./The type of mind which prompted that policy finds its modern prototype in Unionist Ulster (should be antitype or manifestation). I presume you bring this war figure into dramatic contrast with his anti-type.'- Yes; & with the other types of the...' (should be opposite).

The word antetype may be set aside as one that should hardly ever be used, first because its similarity in sound & opposition in sense to the established antitype is inconvenient, secondly as being liable to confusion with prototype also from their closeness in meaning, & thirdly because forerunner & anticipation are ready to take its place when it really does not mean prototype. Even with that ruled out, the relations between the other three are such as to make mistakes likely, but not pardonable. Prototype & antitype both owe their existence to type, & have no meaning except with reference to it; but type has many meanings besides that in which alone it has anything to do with prototype & antitype; that meaning is symbol or emblem or presage or pattern or model considered with regard to the person or object or fact or event in the sphere of reality that answers to its specifications; this answering reality, or thing symbolized &c., is called the antitype, anti (against) conveying the notion of match or answer or correspondence. Type & antitype, then, are a complementary pair, or correlatives & opposites. It is very different with type & prototype; far from being opposed to a type, a prototype is a type, & serves

as

a synonym for it, though with limitations; it is preferred to type, first when stress is to be laid on the

TYPE, 5

priority in time of a particular type over its antitype, such priority not being essential to the notion of type & antitype; secondly when type, which has other senses than that to which antitype is opposed, might be ambiguous; & thirdly when typification itself is of no great consequence, & the sense wanted is no more than the earliest form of something. For those who feel a temptation to use the word prototype without being sure that they know the difference between the three words, it is well to remember that antitype is much more likely to be safe than prototype, but that real safety lies in abstaining from so tricky a set of words altogether.

5. Type-writer)(typist. It is of practical importance that, as the two words exist, the first should be restricted to the machine & not extended, at the risk of ambiguity, to the operator.

typhoid. See ENTERIC.

typhoon. See WIND for synonymy. typic(al). Typic survives only as a form occasionally useful to versewriters in metrical straits, & as a (now rare) epithet of fevers, = intermittent &c., in which use typical would be ambiguous. See -IC(AL). typify. For inflexions see VERBS IN -IE &c., 6.

typist. See TYPE 5.

typo, typographer. Pl. -os, see -O(E)S 5. A CURTAILED WORD.

typographic(al). Both forms are in use, & no shade of difference seems discernible in the OED quotations, except that those for al are more numerous. See -IC(AL).

tyrannic(al). Tyrannic is now not at home outside verse. See -IC(AL). tyrannize. This attempt to coerce & tyrannize us will produce results which the Government will have good reason to regret./They were the strong, rugged, God-fearing people' who were to be tyrannized & oppressed by a wicked Liberal Government. Most readers of good modern writing will have the familiar slight shock

incident to meeting a solecism & want to insert over'. But the OED's comment on the transitive use is merely now rare ', & it produces abundant examples from older writers; still, the present idiom is to tyrannize over, not to tyrannize, one's subjects.

tyrant. The original Greek sense of the word is so far alive still that readers must be prepared for it. Neither cruel nor despotic conduct was essential to the Greek notion of a tyrant, who was merely one who, or whose ancestors, had seized a sovereignty that was not his or theirs by hereditary right. Despotic or tyrannical use of the usurped position was natural & common, but incidental only.

tyre, tyro. See TIRE, TIRO. Tyrrhene, Tyrrhenian. So spelt. Tzar, tzetze. See TSAR, TSETSE.

U

u. N.B. In this article the symbol ū stands for the sounds yoo or yoo. The pronunciation of long u (as ū, or ōō) is a point that has been discussed at length for the special case in which practical doubts arise, i. e. when I precedes the u; see LU. The same question presents itself, but the answers are less doubtful, when the preceding letter is not 1. 1. When it is the other liquid, r, attempts at ū are difficult; few people make them, & oo (or oo) being generally accepted should be made universal (see PRONUNCIATION); SO rool (rule), krōōd (crude), introō'zhn (intrusion), kwě'roolus & gă ́roolus (querulous, garrulous), groo (grew), froot (fruit). 2. When no letter precedes, ū is invariable (unit, ubiquity, &c.) except in foreign words such as uhlan, Ural, unberufen, umlaut. 3. After the sounds ch, j, sh, zh, attempts at ū are as ill advised as after r; so choo, joon, joot, joos, shoot, shoor, ū'zhooal, for chew, June, jute, juice, chute, sure, usual; not chū, jūn, jūt, jūs, shūt, shūr,

UGLILY

ūʼzhual. 4. After s & z there is a tendency to convert the orthodox ū to ōō or do, e.g. in superior, Susan, supreme, suzerain, suicide, suet, suit, presume, Zulu; this class is comparable to the lu words, but the decline of ū is far less marked. 5. Outside the positions stated, ū rarely changes to oo; doos (deuce), stōō'ard (steward), loo'ard (leeward), are often heard, but these & others are generally regarded as carelessnesses or vulgarities.

uglily is less rare than most adverbs in -LILY.

uhlan. So spelt; pronounce ōo ́lan or ú ́lan.

ukase. Pronounce ūkā's.

-ULAR. Adjectives ending thus are something of a trap to those who like words to mean what they seem to say. They are made from diminutive nouns, but no diminutive sense can be reckoned upon in them; a glandule is necessarily a small gland; but glandular is as likely to mean of glands' as ⚫ of small glands'. The ending -ular has become a favourite with adjectivemakers, & such an adjective is often preferred to one that is or might be made directly from the simple noun instead of from the diminutive. So auricular for aural, glandular for glandal, globular for globose, granular for graneous or granose, tubular for tubal, valvular for valvar.

Ulema. Pronounce oo'lima or ōōlimah'.

ulna. Pl. -nae.

ultima. See TECHNICAL TERMS.

ultimatum. Pl. -ta, -tums ; see LATIN PLURALS. Considering that -tums is about 200 years old (Swift is quoted in OED), it is strange that anglicization is still delayed, & that -ta is in a large enough majority to justify OED in presenting it alone as the plural; -tums is here recommended.

ultimo, ult. See INSTANT.

ultra, originally a Latin preposition & adverb meaning beyond, is now

used in English as a noun (pl. -as) meaning a person who goes beyond others in opinion or action of the kind in question. This is no doubt a development of the use as a prefix in such adjectives (& nouns) as ultra-fashionable(s), ultra-revolutionary (-ries). Such compounds were curtailed into ultra adj. & n.; but it is no longer felt to be, like sub when used for subaltern or subscription, a CURTAILED WORD; it has rather won independence of any second element, its own meaning being sufficient, & is a synonym for extremist.

ultramontane.

With the full or

exact meaning of ultramontanism as now understood we need not concern ourselves, beyond defining it roughly as the policy of raising the authority of the Pope in all matters to the highest possible level. But to those who are not content to accept words as arbitrary tokens, & do not see why a papal zealot should be an 'over-the-hills' man, an explanation may be welcome. The mountains are the Alps, & beyond the mountains means, to an Italian, outside Italy, &, to others, in Italy. So, when there were differences in the Church about the right relation between the Italian bishops & the extra-Italian, could each party describe the other as the Ultramontanes, which makes the historical use of the word confusing; in modern use it is applied, chiefly by opponents, to the party of Italian predominance, whose principle is the absolute supremacy of the Pope, & the denial of independence national Churches.

to

ultra vires. Pronounce -ir'ēz. ululate, -ation. OED gives precedence to ŭlu- over ûlü-, & it may know that it is stating the prevalent usage; but the pronunciation of words seldom heard is hard to be sure of; &, unless there are reasons against it, it seems plain that the imitative effect got by repeating the same sound should not be sacrificed ;