ties having begun they were vigorously pushed, and the circle of military operations around Manila was constantly enlarged. Expeditions were also sent to the Vizayas and other islands. Reinforcements of all available regiments of the regular army were hurried forward from America. The first of these arrived on February 23d, and by August 1st fifteen regiments had arrived, numbering in all about 20,000 men. The War Department had already submitted to Congress in December a plan for increasing the regular army to 100,000 men; but after long debate this was rejected on the threadbare and wholly inapplicable argument that such an army was dangerous to our liberties. In its place, at the close of the session on March 2d, a compromise measure was adopted by which, during a period to extend no longer than June 30, 1901, the regular army should remain at its war strength of 65,000 men, and 35,ooo volunteers were to be enlisted. But the men who had enlisted in the regular army during the war, and all of the volunteers of 1898 were entitled to their discharge on the termination of the war with Spain, i.e., on April 11, 1899, the date on which the ratifications of the treaty were exchanged. Had these men demanded and insisted on their discharge in accordance with their legal rights we should have been left in the Philippines with less than 4,000 men. To their eternal credit they did not claim their discharge, but practically all continued on duty in active campaigns against the Filipinos until they were relieved by other regiments, three to six months later. The new volunteer force was composed of one regiment of cavalry and twentyfour of infantry. Unlike the volunteers of the Civil War and the war with Spain they were not apportioned among the States, but were raised by the United States, all officers being appointed by the President. They were organized during the spring and summer of 1899 and sent out in succession, as fast as each was fully uniformed, armed, and equipped. They arrived at Manila between October, 1899, and January, 1900. The volunteers of 1898 had already been sent home between June and October. In January, 1900, the number of troops in the Philippines VOL. XXX.-65 was 65,000, about one-half of whom were regulars and one-half volunteers. Meantime the campaign against the insurgents had continued almost without abatement. As a result of their attack of February 4th, the insurgent line around Manila was broken, and they were separated into two parties, one on the north of the Pasig River and one on the south, and between the two communication was made impossible. On the 25th of March the offensive was vigorously opened by a campaign to the north, under MacArthur, with the three brigades of his own division and one brigade of Lawton's division, having an effective strength of nearly 12,000 men. The fighting began at Caloocan, just outside of Manila, on March 25th, and continued daily until MacArthur reached San Fernando, about forty miles to the north, on May 6th. Malolos, the seat of the insurgent government, was captured on March 31st, the passage of the Bagbag River was forced on April 23d, of the Calumpit River on April 25th. Colonel Egbert, of the 22d Infantry, was killed at Caloocan, Colonel Stotsenburgh, of the First Nebraska, at the Bagbag. The campaign was conducted at the close of the dry season, during the hottest period of the year. The losses were 88 killed and 697 wounded, but this gives only a small portion of the hardships of the campaign. General MacArthur says in his report: "The division camped in extended order, occupied towns in extended order, lived, marched, fought, and slept in extended order, with a view to sudden attack or defence at any time during the day or night. That is to say, the entire command has in effect, aside from the period of actual marching and fighting, been on outpost duty, without reserve, respite or relief, for nearly ninety days. The sun, field rations, physical exertion, and the abnormal excitement arising from almost constant exposure to fire action, have operated to bring about a general enervation from which the men do not seem to readily recover." The sick list had increased to an alarming extent, "whole organizations being now worn out and broken in health." It became necessary for these troops to halt at San Fernando and rest. Meanwhile Lawton, who had arrived at Manila just before MacArthur started on his Malolos campaign, had first been sent to clear the insurgents from Laguna de Bay, then had been sent to the north to protect MacArthur's right flank in his advance, and had then been called back to Manila, where, early in June, he attacked the insurgents on the south of the city, drove them through Paranaque, Las Pinas and Bacoor to the Zapate River where, on June 13th, he had a very severe engagement with over 4,000 insurgents, strongly intrenched, whom he completely defeated and dispersed, with a loss among his own men of 14 killed and 56 wounded. The result of this expedition was to drive the insurgents, on the south, from the immediate vicinity of Manila into the eastern part of Cavité province. Offensive movements were now suspended, in order to give the troops a needed rest, to send home the volunteers of 1898, and to await the arrival of the new volunteers. By October the rainy season was nearly over and the troops were arriving and on the way in sufficient number to justify the resumption of the offensive. It was begun by an expedition under command of General Schwan, which overran Cavité province, completing the disintegration and breaking up of the insurgents on the south, which had been commenced by Lawton in the previous June. The main expedition was to the north, and was in three columns; Lawton with his division, Young's brigade of cavalry in the advance, was to follow up the Rio Grande Pampanga River to San Isidro, and then to penetrate the mountains of northern Luzon; MacArthur with his division was to continue his advance northward along the railroad; and Wheaton, with an independent brigade, was to be transported by sea to Dagupan, the northern terminus of the railroad, and advance thence into the interior to meet Lawton. These plans were all successfully carried out and resulted in the dispersion of the insurgent army in the great central plain, and the flight of Aguinaldo with what remained of his government into the mountains in the northeast of Luzon. General Lawton was recalled in December to Manila and sent out on an expedition to the northeast of Manila, where, in an engage ment at San Mateo, he was instantly killed. General Bates succeeded Lawton in command of the 1st Division, and in January 1900 he was sent with two brigades, under Schwan and Wheaton, to make a final campaign in the provinces to the south and southeast of Manila-Cavité, Batangas, Laguna, and Morong-and clear them of insurgents. With the successful carrying out of this expedition, all organized opposition ceased, and the authority of the United States was fully established not only in all parts of Luzon, but also in all the other islands. During the year which had elapsed since the insurgent attack of February 4, 1899, there had been upward of 500 actions, large and small, in which we had lost more than 400 killed and 1,500 wounded—a greater loss than the aggregate in the war with Spain. The number of armed insurgents at the time of the outbreak was estimated at between 30,000 and 40,000. Their losses have never been accurately known, but they are estimated to have exceeded 3,000 killed or died of wounds, and 7,000 wounded—the greater proportion of deaths being due to their lack of surgeons. The insurgent army having disbanded and its government being lost in the mountains of northern Luzon, the Filipinos then deliberately entered upon a campaign of brigandage and guerilla warfare, for which most elaborate instructions were drawn up by a committee of Filipinos residing in Spain, approved by Aguinaldo, and printed and secretly distributed throughout the islands. They are published in full in General MacArthur's report of 1900, and form a most interesting and unique document. They were based on the general principle that there should be a secret government of the Filipinos extending throughout the islands; that the people should secrete their arms in their houses, in the jungle, or buried in the earth; that they should pursue apparently the ordinary avocations of peaceful life, but that whenever a favorable opportunity offered for capturing a convoy or destroying a small party on the march they should take out their arms, assemble and attack with vigor; then disperse, conceal their arms, and return to their ordinary pursuits. These instructions were carried out in all the operations of the Filipinos during the spring, summer, and autumn of 1900, ap- General A. R. Chaffee was assigned to the command. An additional force of over 12,000 men was assembled in America, consisting of seven regiments of infantry, three of cavalry, and two of artillery, and despatched from San Francisco; but when they arrived, in August, at Nagasaki, which the Japanese Government allowed us to use as a base, Pekin had already been taken and most of these troops were sent on to Manila. The 9th Infantry was the first regiment to land at Taku. It arrived there on July 6th, pressed forward to Tientsin on July 11th, and on the 13th joined the British, French, and Japanese forces in the attack on that city. The city was captured after a severe engagement in which the 9th Infantry lost 18 killed and 77 wounded, the gallant Colonel Liscum being among the killed. The 14th Infantry arrived about July 26th, and General Chaffee on the 29th. On August 4th, the movement against Pekin was begun. Five nations participated, with an aggregate force of about 19,000 men, of which Japan contributed 8,000 and the United States about 2,100-composed of detachments from the 9th and 14th Infantry, 6th Cavalry, Reilly's battery, and a battalion of marines. There was a sharp engagement at Yangtsun, on August 6th, in which our troops lost 7 killed and 65 wounded, and on the 14th Pekin was reached. Two companies of the 14th Infantry, under Colonel Daggett, scaled the high walls and planted While this guerilla warfare was still in the regimental colors on their summit. progress in the Philippines, it became nec- The Tartar city was entered after some essary to send a part of the regular army street fighting during the afternoon. to act in conjunction with troops of other the morning of the 15th the fighting was nations on a novel mission in China. In renewed and three gates of the imperial June, 1900, telegraphic communication city were forced. The losses of the two with Pekin was broken; it was report- days were 4 killed and 27 wounded, Caped that the foreign ministers and all the tain Reilly being killed. The American people at the legations had been mur- losses of the whole campaign were 32 dered by the Boxer insurgents. England, killed and 177 wounded. The city was France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the occupied by troops, ours among others, United States joined in sending troops until May, 1901, when all our troops were to rescue the ministers, if alive, and to sent back to Manila except a legation avenge them, if dead. The 9th and 14th guard of one company. Infantry and Reilly's light battery of the 5th Artillery were sent from Manila to Taku, and the 6th Cavalry was sent from San Francisco. A battalion of marines was landed from the squadron. Major On In this China Relief Expedition, for the first time in our history since the Revolution, soldiers of the United States fought as allies alongside the troops of other na tions. The occasion was a most interest ing one, and our troops acquitted themselves in a manner which reflected great credit upon their country and upon the army of which they were the representatives. Our force was small, but it was sufficient. In fighting qualities it was second to none. In arms, equipment, rations, and transportation it was universally acknowledged that no other troops were so well provided as ours. When Congress met in December, 1900, the law of March 2, 1899, was in force, requiring the discharge, on June 30, 1901, of all the volunteers of 1899, and all of the regular army in excess of 29,000 men. It was manifest that the regular army must be permanently enlarged, and this fact was fully recognized by Congress, although there was long debate on the details of the bill. As finally passed on February 2, 1901, it provides for an army not to exceed 100,000 enlisted men, including native troops in the Philippines and Porto Rico, the number of which is limited to 12,000 men; it consists of fifteen regiments of cavalry, a corps of artillery, thirty regiments of infantry, a regiment of engineers, and the staff departments. The new regiments were organized during the spring and summer of 1901 and a portion of them sent to the Philippines. The volunteers of 1899 were all brought home and mustered out prior to June 30, 1901. The officers are fixed in number, and so is the enlisted strength of the artillery, but in the other arms the enlisted strength varies as may be directed by the President; in a troop of cavalry from 65 to 100, in a company of infantry from 65 to 146, and in a company of engineers from 100 to 164. Each regiment consists of three battalions of four companies each. The strength fixed at the present time is intermediate between the maximum and minimum, and the aggregate enlisted strength is 77,287. The total number of officers is about 3,700, an increase of more than 1,500, as compared with the number on January 1, 1898. The number of general officers is increased from 9 to 22, viz.: 1 lieutenant-general, 6 major-generals, and 15 brigadier-generals. The army thus enters upon another period of sudden increase similar to that at the close of the Civil War, but in this case the new appointments are confined solely to the general officers and to the lowest grades in the staff and line. These vacancies have been filled from meritorious officers of volunteers, but the intermediate grades have been filled rigidly by seniority promotion. An effort was made to have the law provide that a limited number, say one-third, of the promotions should be for merit under rules carefully framed to prevent any favoritism, but this provision was defeated largely on account of the opposition to it in the army, which eared that no rules could be devised which would prevent the selections from being made by favor. Other changes have been made, however, for which the army has been asking in vain for nearly a generation, during which it was thought by many that we would never have another war, and that questions of army organization were not of any practical importance. The artillery has been changed from a number of regiments, the companies of which were never brought together, to a corps, composed of batteries for manning fortifications and of light batteries for service with armies in the field. The regiments of cavalry, infantry, and engineers all have a uniform organization of three battalions of four companies each. of four companies each. are authorized for regimental adjutants, quartermasters and commissaries, and extra lieutenants for similar positions in battalions. Interchangeability of service between line and staff is arranged by a provision that as vacancies occur hereafter in the principal staff departments they are not to be filled by permanent appointments but by details of line officers for a period of four years. Staff officers will hereafter be fresh from the line and know its requirements, while the line will contain a large number of officers who have had experience in staff duties and will be available for such duties in higher grades in time of war. Extra captains Under this new law the organization of the army is better adapted to our needs than it has been at any previous period of our history; and as soon as the new officers have become imbued with the army traditions, and the new recruits have acquired the thorough instruction which they will surely receive, the new and larger army of 77,000 men will attain that perfection of discipline, marksmanship, drill, and, above all, devotion to duty, which characterized the smaller army of 25,000 men in 1898-and there is no higher standard. With the new century the army has a new and greater task before it. During the last 125 years it has been the instrument by which our independence was gained, the Union preserved, our territory extended, and this territory made habitable. It is now the instrument by which all resistance to the lawful authority of the United States in distant lands is suppressed; and it will hereafter be the strong arm upon which the civil power will rely for support as it introduces among alien races which have come under our charge those principles of self-government, of liberty regulated by law, of honest dealing and fair play, under which we have been so long happy and prosperous, but the benefits of which our new wards have never known. From Lexington to Pekin the record of the army is one to be proud of. The Republic has not had and has not now in any branch of its public service a more devoted and faithful body of public servants, animated by intense loyalty, by splendid courage, by the highest sense of honor and duty. MARQUIS ITO, THE GREAT MAN OF JAPAN By Frederick Palmer O say that Marquis Ito is to Japan what any other statesman is to his country, is out of the question. As the nation's is, the man's is—a career unto itself. Whatever comparisons I made in his study at Oiso, as he talked of modern politics or of his meetings with Grant, Bismarck, and Gladstone, were in turn dispelled by the thought that the fine old gentleman in a frock coat, sitting on a European sofa, had bridged, with his own span of life, the chasm between the Japan of ornate armor, queues, utter exclusiveness, and two-sworded men, and the Japan of to-day. If that were not enough, there is the story of that pilgrimage of courage, high patriotism, and more than a crusader's intrepidity which was the beginning of his great work. He was a boy of twelve when Perry's squadron ran into the Bay of Yedo. A nobleman (though of the lowest grade), his education was entirely that of his class. He was being taught how to perform the elaborate and effeminate tea ceremonies; to read the Chinese classics; to defend his person by graceful sword-play; to be prepared to commit suicide by the supposedly refined code of hara-kiri at the slightest aspersion on his honor as a gentleman; to regard the merchant as far beneath a farm-hand as a farm-hand was beneath a nobleman; and to regard the foreigner with the feeling of an artist for a bull who has broken into his studio. Seven years later, every Power had a treaty and trading privileges with Japan. The Dutch monopoly was at an end. All the world landed its goods on the shores of Japan; Yokohama, Hakodate, and Niigata were open ports, with concessions of land under foreign jurisdiction. the one hand, foreign gunboats could demand an indemnity whenever they might line up before a town; on the other hand, the Daimyos-pillars of the feudal system On looked to the Shogun to prevent encroachments. Powerless from the first, he was too proud, too exclusive, too dull until the last to seek the knowledge which would enable him to resist. Japan was still in utter darkness, closing its eyes to |