can be interpreted in terms of matter. The brain and nervous systems are regarded as media merely, mind itself being independent, and human mind but "an inlet" of the Universal Mind.

CONSCIOUSNESS

SUBCONSCIOUSNESS

FIGURE 1. A Schematic Representation of the Dual Mind.

In this view I do not need to say they are sustained by the best authorities.

"Here, indeed, we arrive at a barrier," remarks Herbert Spencer, "which needs to be perpetually pointed out alike to those who seek materialistic explanations of mental phenomena and to those who are alarmed lest such explanations may be found. The last class prove by their fears almost as much as the first prove by their hope, that they believe that mind may possibly be interpreted in terms of matter, whereas

there is not the remotest possibility of so interpreting it. For the concept we form of matter is but the symbol of some form of power absolutely and forever unknown to

Mind is also unknowable, and the simplest form under which we can think of its substance is but a symbol of something that can never be rendered into thought. Nevertheless, we are compelled to choose between translating mental phenomena into physical phenomena or of translating physical phenomena into mental phenomena-the latter alternative would seem the more acceptable."

Relations of Cerebral Structures to the Two Phases of Mind.

A word more concerning the brain structure in its relation to conscious and unconscious mentation, and then we

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shall turn to other interesting features of the subject.

"The cortex is the seat of conscious sensation, though we are by no means conscious of all that takes place even in the cortex; for innumerable sensations may, and probably do, continually reach it, of which we are wholly or partially unconscious; in many cases, of course, this is accounted for by non-attention. On the other hand, it would appear from recent researches that it is not possible to be conscious of any currents that do not reach the surface of the brain.'

It is unnecessary for me to add that duality of mind is by no means a new theory; on the contrary, it formed an essential feature of certain ancient philosophies.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous Structures.

In

Without purposing to enter into a minute account of the physical structures I want merely to call attention to the recognized fact that every superior being is made up of an aggregation of cytods and cells. the various organs these minute structures are associated in purpose and endeavor to carry on a certain definite work, and it is true that their co-operation for a specific purpose is marvelously intelligent and efficient. The cytod is an atom of simple plasson. The cell proper has been differentiated into nucleus and protoplasm. These cells have become differentiated with special reference to the purpose or motif for which they have been placed in the organism and their various and associated duties have been clearly and definitely assigned.

What strikes the student of physiology and psychology with peculiar force is the phenomena

associated with the action of both the individual cells and the several groupings of them in particular organs, which indicate true intelligence. Each cell has its peculiar part to perform, and, in the line of its duty, manifests not only power of choice, but also memory and wonderful adaptation of means to the accomplishment of purpose.

It is these phenomena characterizing cell life that lead biologists to regard individual cells as distinct organisms. Quite in consonance, then, with the views of evolution now held, a higher animal may be regarded as truly a colony, or, better still, a confederacy of protozoans (single-celled organisms). "Every one of the cells composing such an animal has retained its primitive properties, giving them a higher degree of perfection by division of labor and by selection.”—Binet.

In the associations of cells constituting organs, where there is a common motif manifested and an in.elligent co-operation to accomplish an end, there are indications of a ruling intelligence, or central power, which presides over the organization and is responsible for co-ordinate action.

These phenomena have drawn from Haeckel the suggestion that each organ should be regarded as an individual (Techlology). The several organs, taken together, may then well be looked upon as a confederacy under a central control, constituting an individual ego in manifestation.

Various Designations

of Central Intelligence.

Scientists may differ as to the proper terminology by which the central in

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telligence should be designated; but no one denies its existence or its power to control its millions of subordinates. Thus it has been called the "subjective mind," the "subconscious mind, the

"unconscious mind," the "secondary self," the "subliminal consciousness," the "communal soul," the "secondary personality," etc., the various terms employed being determined largely by the point of view from which the subject is treated.

"Philosophers may differ in opinion as to its origin and its ultimate destiny; and biologists may not be agreed as to just what it is—that is to say, whether it is the sum of all the intelligences of which the body is composed or whether it is an independent entity capable of surviving the dissolution of the confederacy which it controls.

"It is, however, a work of superrogation to dwell upon the obvious fact that a confederation of intelligences, organized for a specific purpose, must act in subordination to some central power or authority. Such a power is as much a biological necessity as an executive officer is a political necessity to a state or nation."

Means of Communication
Between the Several Parts.

I have finally to call attention to the means of communication between the several parts of the systems thus organized in order to complete this glance at what constitutes the framework upon which the claims of the new methods of cure are based.

First of all we should remember the possibility, elsewhere mentioned, of communication in an effective way not only between detached minds more especially between subjective and subjective-but also between the great central mind and the lesser minds of the body, through

the universal ether (i. e., independently of the nervous system). But at present this possibility stands, in the minds of most people, as a mere hypotheses, as stood wireless telegraphy a decade ago.

How far the ordinary cells, as well as the cells differentiated for specific purposes other than mere transmission of stimuli, are capable of acting in a vicarious manner in emergencies is not yet known.

Of course the nerves are the chief, and the most facile, media of communication, and it is by virtue of the facilities for communication thus afforded that the several parts of the body are kept in co-ordination.

As to the precise mode of action involved in the production of the phenomena of thought transmission from one part of the system to another we have little more than theory to offer, though the hypothesis put forth appeals very strongly to reason. A glance at this and then we shall proceed with the more definite purpose of our study.

In their study of brain anatomy during the last decade scientists have arrived at a solution

FIGURE 2. Pyramidal Nerve Cells Found Chiefly in the Brain.-McKendrick