converted into a tavern or inn, for the frequenters of the market; it is still standing, and was lately separated from the road by a small garden, to which there was a descent from the road of several steps; but houses and shops were built in the garden in 1847, which at present mask the house, and prevent its being easily seen from St. James'place. Cattle, sheep, and pigs were sold there, until cattle pens were erected some years afterwards at Kirkdale, near the Liver Tavern, and then the Cattle Market was removed to Kirkdale, where it continued to be held until its final removal in 1830, to its present situation near the Old Swan village, about three miles from the Town-hall. The reason of its removal from St. James'-place was, that there was not then any considerable trade in cattle or pigs from Ireland, and the cattle brought to Liverpool were, with the exception of some from Wales, principally driven from Scotland and the North of England; and Kirkdale, being on the north road, it was, consequently, a more convenient situation.

(1) For a short period a Cattle Market was also held in a large yard, in Limestreet, before the Station of the London and North-Western Railway, which now occupies its site, was made.

CHAPTER II.

APPEARANCE OF LIVERPOOL, STREETS, SQUARES, TOXTETH PARK, EDGE HILL, MOUNT VERNON, LOW HILL, EVERTON, KIRKDALE, FERRIES, OLD NAMES OF STREETS, PROJECTED STREETS, POPULATION, WALKS, HIGH ROADS, INNS, COFFEE HOUSES, PUBLIC CONVEYANCES, AND PRIVATE CARRIAGES, IN 1775.

IN 1775, the interior of Liverpool presented to the eye little or nothing calculated to excite admiration or interest; nearly every house, and, with the exception of the Old Tower in Water-street, and the Town-hall, then called the Exchange, all the public buildings of a secular nature, were built of dingy brick; and though the churches of St. Nicholas, St. Peter, St. George, St. Thomas, and St Paul, were of stone, yet, all the other Liverpool edifices, for Divine worship, were of brick." Every street near the Town-hall was then narrow, irregular, and ill built; nor is it fair to judge of the streets in that neighbourhood by their present width and appearance, because all of them have since been very much widened and improved.

Numerous dirty, confined, and mean courts and alleys were to be met with, communicating with the principal streets in the old parts of the town, near the Town-hall; most of them, however, in the progress of the improvements which have been made, have long since been destroyed.

Castle-street contained many good shops, and several dwelling-houses, which were inhabited by some of the higher classes, but it was confined and ill built; and, though it was one of the principal streets, it was so narrow in some parts, that it was with difficulty that two carriages could pass at

(1) The Octagon Chapel, in Temple-court, does not form an exception, because it was built of brick, although it had a stone portico and pediment.

the same time; it was, however, rather wider at the north end. The Town-hall, then called the Exchange, was a conspicuous object at the north end of Castle-street; but it appeared even more out of the line of perspective at that period, than it has done since the widening of that street, which took place in 1786; and in the open space in front of it, the Corn Market, such as it was, used to be held. Houses and shops, since cleared away, were built close up to it, on its west and north sides; and one or two of them touched it." They were removed many years ago, and on the site of part of them, the additional portion of the Town-hall, on the north side, in which the large ball-room now is, was erected. Behind the Town-hall, at the spot which is now a part of the area of the Exchange-buildings, was a small open space with several houses and shops; some butchers' shambles, of considerable extent, called the Old Shambles, extended to it, from the west side of High-street, which was then a continuation of Oldhall-street, and contained a number of shops. A smaller range of shambles, communicating with the old shambles, and extending very near the west side of the Town-hall, led by a narrow passage into Water-street, the passage being separated from the Townhall by some of the shops before mentioned. From the west end of the old shambles there was also a short passage, which communicated by an abrupt angle to the right, through Pemberton's-alley into Chapel-street, and to the left, through Clayton's-alley into Water-street. At the spot where the north entrance of the Exchange-buildings now is, and near the third pillar on the right of the centre iron gate, entering from Chapel-street, a portion of the ancient cross, (2) called

(1) There was also at the upper end of Water-street, a shop occupied by a hairdresser, named Blackstock, which touched the Town-hall.

(2) Communicated by the late Mr. William Gibson, of St. Anne-street, who

the White Cross, within the memory of persons recently living, stood; and close to it the White Cross market used to be held.

Old Hall-street was ill built, and dangerously narrow, but several families of the higher classes resided there. On the west side, between Union-street and Queen-street, was a long old-fashioned house, which had to the front of Old Hall-street a large and comparatively modern bay window; it was inhabited by Mrs. Stanley, the widow of the Rev. Dr. Stanley, rector of Winwick. This house was called the Old Hall, from which, or rather from an old mansion previously standing on its site, the street derived its name: some remains of the house were to be found as lately as 1847, behind counting-houses erected in front of it.

Tithebarn-street was equally narrow. In an old deed, dated the 4th August, in the twelfth year of the reign of Charles the First, in 1636, which was a conveyance of a portion of a house and land in Tithebarn-street, the street is called "the Moore-street alias Tieth barne-street." On the north side of it, and not very far from Highfield-street, an old barn stood, from which the street was supposed to have derived its name.(2) The lower end of Tithebarn-street,

remembered it standing there. He once took the trouble of going with the Author, and pointing out the precise spot.

(1) The Author is indebted to the kindness of Mr. Thomas Avison for an inspection of that ancient deed. The name "the Moore-street" is not derived from the ancient family so called, and after whom the old street called Moor-street has for centuries had its name, but is evidently used in the same manner as if "the moss," "the moor," "the waste," &c. &c. were spoken of. The street opening out of Tithebarn-street, still called Moorfields, has evidently had its name from the same source as the Moore-street." The deed contains general words, which would excite surprise if introduced, in these times, into a deed of conveyance of a house and land in Liverpool," together with a moiety of all," &c. &c. &c. " rights, members, moores, mosses, mynes, quarries, commons, common of pasture and turbarie," &c. &c.

(2) A barn, which possibly may be the same, is laid down in Yates and Perry's map of the environs of Liverpool, of 1768, and called the " Tythe Barn," as standing

between Hatton-garden and Cheapside, (formerly called Dig-lane,) was then called Patrick's-hill; at the foot of which, and at the end of Pinfold-lane, now Vauxhall-road, stood a portion of St. Patrick's Cross; the Pinfold or Town Pound also stood in that road, on the west side, and near its point of junction with Tithebarn-street. On the south side of Patrick's-hill, and at the spot where Hattongarden and Great Crosshall-street now meet, was a considerable sheet of water, called the Flashes; and there was a large garden at the corner of Pinfold-lane, at its point of junction with the place now called Marybone, where a country lane commenced, leading by Bevington-hill towards Kirkdale, Walton, and Ormskirk; the way through those three places being then, as now, the great north road out of Liverpool.

Union-street contained some good houses, the residences of respectable persons.

Water-street was considerably narrower than it now is, but it contained some large houses, inhabited by families of respectability.

on the north side of the lane leading from Tithebarn-street to Bevington-hill, Its situation seems, however, rather further from the town than that of the old Tithe barn, as it has been described to the Author. Another old barn-like building stood, not many years ago, on the south side of the street, and near the north end of Hackins-hey, which many persons imagined had been the Tithe barn; there seems, however, to be little doubt of that supposition being incorrect.

(1) The remains of it were there three or four years after 1775.-Communicated by Mr. John Wilson, of Orrell, who remembered a portion of it standing.

In former times, besides the White Cross and St. Patrick's Cross, there were two other Crosses in Liverpool; one the High Cross, near where the front of the Townhall now is, and the other the Town-end Cross, near where St. Stephen's Church, in Byrom-street, now stands. St. Patrick's Cross, and the Pinfold near it, are both laid down in Mr. Perry's Map of Liverpool, of 1769. A large Bowling-green is also laid down in it, on the south side of Patrick's-hill, now part of Tithebarn-street, opposite Milk-street, and close to the spot, now the site of some large warehouses, where the Mersey Iron Foundry, belonging to Mr. John Cragg, formerly stood, but it has not been found practicable to ascertain when the Bowling-green was destroyed.