had already made Governor of New York and New England. This state of things was terminated by the revolution in England, but left New Jersey for years in a very precarious condi tion. In 1702, its proprietors having resigned their claims, it became a royal province, and was united to New York. In 1738, it became again a separate province, and so continued until the Revolution, in which it took a very active part in favor of liberty. It ratified the Constitution December 18th, 1787. Thence forward its career has been a highly prosperous one. Its strength has been put forth to aid in crushing the great rebellion Population 672,075.

DELAWARE.

But as

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, formed a plan of estab lishing colonies in America as early as the year 1626 he died on the field of Leutzen, during the German war in 1633, without carrying his scheme into effect, his minister took it up, and employed Peter Minuets, first Governor of New Netherlands, to carry it into effect. In 1638, a small Swedish colony arrived under the direction of Minuets, and settled on Christian Creek, near the present town of Wilmington. Notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Dutch Government of New Netherlands, who claimed the territory, the Swedes continued to extend their settlements from this time until they pre-empted all the territory from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware. At this time the colony was called New Sweden. In 1651, Gov. Styvesant, to check the aggressive movements of the Swedes, built a fort near the present site of New Castle, of which the Swedes afterwards obtained possession by strategem. Enraged at this movement, the Government of Holland ordered Styvesant to reduce the Swedes to submission, which he speedily accom. plished with six hundred men, in 1655. The province was soon after annexed to New Netherlands. Delaware was, after it fell into the hands of the English, included in the grant made to William Penn, in 1692. It remained attached to Pennsylvania until 1691, when it was allowed a separate government. It was reunited to Pennsylvania in 1692. In 1703, it was again separated, having its own Legislature, though the same Governor presided over both colonies. The ancient forms of the government were preserved through the Revolutionary struggle. It ratified the Constitution December 7th, 1787.

Its position, at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861, was somewhat dubious. It, being a northerly slave State, was somewhat divided in regard to where its interests lay. It, however, finally came out somewhat decidedly for the Union, al

though its entire strength has not been exerted against the rebellion. Its population is 112,216.

THE CAROLINAS.

In the year 1563, the coast of Carolina was explored, and named after Charles IX. of France. The first attempt to settle it was made by the celebrated and accomplished Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty two years before the settlement of Jamestown, and thirty-five years before the Puritans landed at Plymouth. This effort failed on account of the incapacity of the Governor appointed by Raleigh, and the ill-behavior of the colonists towards the natives.

The first successful attempt was made sometime between 1640 and 1650, under the direction of Gov. Berkley. The settlement was made in Albemarle county, by a few Virginia planters. In 1663, a large tract of land, lying between the 30th and the 36th degress of north latitude, having the Atlantic Ocean for its eastern boundary, was conveyed by Charles II, to Lord Clarendor and associates, under whose auspices a settlement was made near the mouth of Cape Fear River, in the year 1665, by emigrants from Barbadoes. Sir James Yeomans was appointed Governor. A settlement was made at Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1670; and in 1671, a few persons located at what was then called Old Charleston, which place was abandoned in 1680, and the foundation of the present city of Charleston laid, several miles nearer the sea.

All the various settlements here mentioned went under the general name of Carolina until 1571, when a division was made, and the northern and southern portions were called by their distinctive names, North and South Carolina. These States were the scenes of many Revolutionary tragedies. South Carolina, in particular, although the home of Sumpter, and Marion, and Rutledge, was replete with tories, (royalists) who spared no effort to annoy the infant republic, and play into the hands of the British Government. South Carolina ratified the Constitution May 23d, 1778, but threatened to break the compact in 1832, and was only prevented by the stern will of President Jackson. After this the State did nothing worthy of note, until December 20th, 1860, when it seceded from the Union, taking the lead in the great rebellion. Present population 703,708.

North Carolina ratified the Constitution Nov. 21st, 1789, and seceded from the Union May 21st, 1861. Population 992,622.

PENNSYLVANIA.

The Old Keystone State, and one of the most wealthy and

prosperous in the Union, was settled by the Quakers, under the direction of Wm. Penn, at Philadelphia, in the year 1682. The founder of this colony showed himself a philosopher, a philanthropist, a thorough political economist, at the very commencement of his labors. He put the province under the government of a Council of Three and a House of Delegates, chosen by the freemen, who, according to his arrangement, were all those who acknowledged the existence of one God. He pursued such a course with the natives as won their confidence and esteem. No Quaker was ever murdered by an Indian; and to this day the " sons of Wm. Penn" are everywhere respected by the savage. The treaty Penn made with the Indians was never violated. In framing the colonial government, he provided for the largest religious liberty, allowing every one to worship according to the dictates of his own conscience. Up to 1684 Delaware, as before mentioned, was included in Penn's grant. But about this time he procured a new charter, more strictly defining the rights and limits of Pennsylvania, and Delaware was detached. For seventy years prosperity smiled upon this colony, during much of which time Penn was, according to the historian, its governor, magistrate, preacher and teacher. It was troubled with no Indian wars till 1754, when Penn's example and teachings began to be forgotten. The population, owing to a considerable influx from Sweden, Germany, and some other countries, began, at a later date, to assume a more varied aspect; and when the colonies rebelled against the mother country, Pennsylvania contained sufficient "fighting" material to lend valuable assistance to the cause of liberty.

She adopted the Constitution December 12th, 1787, since which time her increase in wealth, and advancement in general improvement has been almost without a parallel. Her vast coal fields and rich iron mines constitute a source of eternal wealth. Upon the breaking out of the rebellion of 1861, her position in favor of the Union was well defined.,

Her population is 2,906,115.

GEORGIA.

General James Oglethorpe, and a company of twenty-one others, received, in the year 1732, from George II., of England, a grant for all the land between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers. In January, 1733, a company of one hundred and fourteen men, women and children, arrived at Charleston, S. C., destined for Georgia. They were kindly treated by the Charlestonians, and were greatly assisted by them in their labor of forming a colony. The first laws made for the province by the twenty-tws grantees, prohibited the importation of rum, trade

with the Indians, and the use of negroes. They also provided that lands should go back to the original owners in case the purchaser had no male heirs. Although the first, second and third of these provisions were undoubtedly wholesome, the fourth was highly objectionable, and tended very much to retard the progress of the colony. In the year 1740, General Oglethorpe, as commander in chief of the forces in Georgia, at the head of two thousand men, invaded Florida with the intention of forcibly annexing it to Georgia; but he was soon repelled from the territory, and returned home bootless. The Spanish, in turn, with two sail of vessels and three thousand men, invaded Georgia in 1742, and were likewise forced to return home thwarted. The progress of this colony was for many years very slow; the people manifesting that indolence and indifference which is still too prominent a characteristic of Georgians. It was mainly on the side of freedom during the revolution.

It ratified the Constitution January 9th, 1788. Since the revolution, the State has manifested but little life as compared with its sisters, and its secession from the Union, May 19th, 1861, was followed by speedy ruin.

VERMONT.

The territory of which this State is composed began to be settled in the year 1731, but was for some years considered as a part of New Hampshire. It was also claimed at one time by New York, and a contest arose between that State and New Hampshire, which was adjusted by the King of England in a manner by no means satisfactory to the settlers. The result was a quarrel between Vermont and the Crown, in which the Green Mountain Boys, led by Col. Ethan Allen, resisted the officers of justice, as well as the New York militia, who were called out to sustain them. The province appears not to have had even a territorial government until 1777, at which time a convention of delegates met at Westminster, and declared themselves an independent State, under the name of New Connecticut. Previous to this time, however, they had rendered material aid to the revolution. It May, 1755, Col. Allen, at the head of two hundred and seventy men, reduced Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and thus became complete master of Lake Champlain. During the whole period of the revolution the State did good service in the cause of liberty, although it remained independent. Some time subsequent to its declaration of independence its name was changed to Vermont. As it was not one of the original States, it did not ratify the Constitution, but, upon application, was admitted to the Union during the second session of Congress, in the year 1791. It has been a highly

prosperous State, and added much to the luster of the Union in its palmly days of peace. It fully sustained its revolutionary reputation at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861. Its population is 315,098.

KENTUCKY,

Was settled in the year 1775 by Daniel Boone and a number of associates from North Carolina. The trials and adventures of these hardy pioneers, and especially those of Boone, contitute one of the most romantic leaves in the history of the West. For over two years, previous to 1775, Boone was busily employed in surveying Kentucky, building roads, and forts. One of the latter he erected at Boonsborough, to which place he removed his family in 1775. Boone said that his wife and daughter were the first white women who ever stood on the banks of the Kentucky river. For a number of years after Boone's settlement, he and his associatiates experienced many difficulties with the natives, Boone's daughter being at one timecaptured by the Indians, though shortly afterwards rescued by her father. But, notwithstanding the difficuities with the savages, the young territory grew rapidly in population and wealth, and on June 1st, 1792, was admitted to the Union. Having a fertile soil, and affording excellent pasturage, she has far outstripped most of her slave-holding sisters in general improve

ment.

Her position for some time after the commencement of the rebellion, was by no means promotive of her prosperty. Owing to her attempt to observe strict neutrality, she became the scene of many guerrilla outrages, and has suffered, perhaps, more than any other State during the struggle.

Her population is 1,115,684.

TENNESSEE,

Was, for some time, a part of North Carolina. It was made a territorial government in the year 1790, and was admitted into the Union in 1796. The first permanent white inhabitants of Tennessee went there in the year 1775, and built Fort Louden, now in Blount county. They were, in 1760, attacked by the savages, and two hundred persons were massacred. But, in 1767, the natives were reduced to submission by Col. Grant, and a treaty was made with them which encouraged emigra tion. Settlements were formed on Holston river in 1765, which although frequently attaked by the Indians, made very fair progress. Col. John Sevier, with the Tennessee militia and a few Virginia soldiers, gained a decisive victory over the savages, and