During summer the party had subsisted on deer and other game, and fish, which abounded as long as the ground and rivers were open; but winter froze the rivers, buried the vegetation under snow, and drove the game to more southern latitudes. While it thus deprived them of food, it added to their toils; for their march now lay over newly-driven snow, varying in depth from one to three or four feet. They were oppressed also by carrying clothes, books, philosophical instruments, cooking utensils, and a canoe, by which to cross the lakes and rivers which they encountered in their progress, there being no means of transport for any article except personal labour. These privations and toils were borne by all with admirable courage for many days; and while a stray partridge or lingering deer could be obtained to sustain their sinking strength, no murmurs or complaints were heard. But at last every article of food failed them, except a miserable weed named " Tripe de Roche," and painful efforts were required to obtain even it from beneath the snow, under which it lay deeply buried. The party boiled it in snowwater, and drank the infusion. Their shoes, and every piece of skin which had served them as dress, or as a cover for their baggage, were devoured, and still no relief appeared. The canoe was at length abandoned as a load altogether insupportable; books, instruments, and necessaries were dropt, as the strength of each individual failed under his burden; the temperature had long been below zero, and men of the stoutest hearts began to lose their courage, while several of those of weaker minds had sunk in despair, and died. In this condition John Hepburn was distinguished in a remarkable degree for devotion to his duty, and for long-enduring patience and even cheerfulness of mind. "We were much indebted, it is said, to Hepburn "at this crisis. The officers were unable from weakness, to "gather tripe de roche themselves, and Samandré, who had "acted as our cook on the journey from the coast, sharing "in the despair of the rest of the Canadians, refused to "make the slightest exertion. Hepburn, on the contrary,

← animated by a firm reliance on the beneficence of the Supreme Being, tempered with resignation to His will, was « indefatigable in his exertions to serve us, and daily collect"ed all the tripe de roche that was used in the officers' "mess." Many other instances of Hepburn's exertions are recorded, which it is unnecessary to state in detail; but to convey an adequate idea of the real condition of mind and body of the party, we quote the following passage.

"I observed," says the author, "that in proportion as our "strength decayed, our minds exhibited symptoms of weakness,* " evinced by a kind of unreasonable pettishness with each other. "Each thought the other weaker in intellect than himself, and more in need of advice and assistance. So trifling a circumstance as a change of place, recommended by one as being warmer and more "comfortable, and refused by the other from a dread of motion, "frequently called forth fretful expressions which were no sooner "uttered than atoned for, to be repeated perhaps in the course of a "few minutes. The same thing often occurred when we endea"voured to assist each other in carrying wood to the fire; none of

us were willing to receive assistance, although the task was dis"proportioned to our strength. On one of these occasions, Hep"burn was so convinced of his waywardness, that he exclaimed, "Dear me! if we are spared to return to England, I wonder if we "shall recover our understandings."

It is interesting to inquire what combination of faculties will fit an individual for passing through such a scene, without being roused to malevolence by the mere extremity of his sufferings, or being overwhelmed by despair through the hopelessness of his condition.

John Hepburn is a man of middle stature, apparently about 40 years of age, strongly built, and in the enjoyment of excellent health. In the situation in question, these afforded advantages of no mean importance, independently of the natural dispositions of his mind; but while they must 'have been admirably subservient to the effective execution of benevolent and dutiful feelings, it is obvious that the latter could proceed only from the mind itself. We know by ob

• We recommend this fact to the notice of those who still believe that the condition of the mind in this life is not affected by the state of the organization.

sérvations in common life, that agreeable external circumstances are most favourable to the exercise of the superior sentiments and intellect; and that extreme misery, on the other hand, has a natural tendency to produce, in some, peevish discontent, insubordination, absolute malevolence, or recklessness; in others, abject despair and total incapacity for exertion, indicative of excessive and uncontrolled manifestations of Self-esteem, Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Cautiousness. Now, as in John Hepburn, the higher sentiments preserved their sway over the lower feelings, in the utmost extremity of wretchedness, we should be led to expect, in the development of his brain, the organs of the moral sentiments and intellect decidedly to preponderate over those of the animal propensities. We should infer a a large development of Benevolence and Firmness, faculties which supply the elementary feelings of kindness to others, and long-enduring patience in himself; also of Veneration, which inspires with resignation to the Divine Will, and of Hope, whose cheering influence would contribute largely towards supporting the mind, amid the dreary wastes of snow, and the melancholy scenes of suffering, in which he was tried. Cautiousness, which is the source of prudence in ordinary situations, and of fear, terror, or despair, in more appalling circumstances, we should expect to be very little more than moderate in size. The intellectual endowment we would anticipate to be respectable, sufficient to confer a good practical understanding, but not so great as to lead to any very extensive or remote views of the consequences of present events. To these endowments we would expect to be added so much of the animal organs as is necessary to give energy to the character, but not so much as to debase it. We have had an opportunity of examining the head of John Hepburn, and ascertaining that the actual development corresponds exactly with these inferences.

We have read this work with great interest, and form a very favourable opinion of the moral and intellectual qualities of the gentlemen who conducted it; and trust that if

they are again called on to engage

in any

similar service,

they will add Phrenology to the stock of their other highlyrespectable attainments.

ARTICLE XI.

SHAKSPEARE'S CHARACTER OF IAGO.

Two classes of persons are readers of our Journal, and it may perhaps be difficult to please both, when, as sometimes happens, they do not make sufficient allowances for each other, and for us. The one class consists of those who have never studied any phrenological publication except this. These call loudly for facts,-require us to teach the very elements of the science, and would criticize, as theoretical and speculative, every article that goes beyond the boundaries of their own limited knowledge of the subject. The other is composed of persons who are already skilled, more or less deeply, in phrenology. Some of these have verified its facts to satiety, and studied its principles till they have become familiar as the rules of arithmetic; and they, accordingly, would complain of our dwelling continually on the threshold of the science, of our devoting sheet after sheet to details of cases, which to them appear like formal recitations, that Mr A. B. has a nose on his face, and Mr C. D. has a similar protuberance, and that both of them use the said protuberance in smelling; in short, they demand applications of the science calculated to interest persons who have already satisfied themselves not only of its physical truth, but of its being the true theory of mind. It is our inclination and interest to satisfy both of these classes. We respectfully solicit the first class then, to consider that Dr Gall began to teach phrenology so long ago as 1796, and that, during the 28 years that have since elapsed, many persons have been studying, while the great world has been laughing; and with their permission, therefore, we shall dedicate a few pages occasionally to the entertainment of advanced phrenologists, of which the present

article shall be an example, To the second class, we represent that allowances should be made for unenlightened brethren, and that every detail of facts which arrests for the first time the attention of one reflecting reader, adds strength to the cause. Even to the novice, too, we may add, that if he have good organs of Concentrativeness and Causality, the present article will prove not destitute of interest.

A phrenologist of this city, on the suggestion of a friend, studied and analyzed the character of IAGO as drawn by Shakspeare, and reduced it to what he conceived to be its phrenological elements. Iago exhibits many of the propensities, sentiments, and intellectual faculties, so powerfully and unequivocally, that no difficulty occurred in deciding on their energy; for example, Secretiveness is so powerfully manifested, that the organ, if the individual had existed, must have been large; Conscientiousness is so feebly shewn, that its organ must, on such a supposition, have been small, and so on with others. Where no indication was found in the text to lead to a conjecture of the strength of particular faculties, such as Philoprogenitiveness, Constructiveness, Form, &c., the organs of these were set down as moderate, being the degree least calculated to affect the manifestations of the powers, the energy or deficiency of which was more precisely ascertainable. The note of organs thus prepared was the following:--