S

OME of the best land in the county, people said, was right here in Richland Township. The soil in Wapsipinicon County was a little inclined to be sandy, did n't bring quite the price of the very best Iowa farming land; but this stretch in here between Richland and "Wapsie" did n't give the farmers much chance for complaint.

This was the road that was later made a highway. It had a slight jog about a mile out of Richland. Tall cottonwoods grew on one side, on the other a tangle of bushes. There was always a kind of mud-hole here, sifted over with leaves and little fluffs from the cottonwoods; a bad place in the road, closed in and shaded.

Beyond this it was all straight going to Wapsie. The land spread out rich and rolling, in smooth, tilted vistas of square fields, green, yellow, and earth-brown, trees growing in full-leaved clusters down about the

banks of the little caved-in creeks in the pastures or standing lone, and slanting, on the crests of the low, rounded hills. In the distance the groves of farms were softened, blurred together; the far-off rising land was swathed in blue, a faint milky tint in which dim figures of trees were swimming.

A pink frame school-house stood on one side of the road. The long grass was trampled this way and that by the children's feet. Over beyond Ed Angell's place lay the Grove, where Sunday-school picnics and Fourth of July celebrations were held-a rich, thick cluster of trees, oaks and hickories, spreading over the hill and down the depressions of the slope, dark green upon the paler green of the short-cropped grass on the hillside. The road went high and straight until it dipped down into Wapsie, which lay deep in trees, the red stone tower of the court-house rising out of thick tufts of elms.

The farms were good along this road. A good class of people had settled here, German and English most of them. Men who kept an eye out for land deals noted shrewdly how well the buildings and barbed-wire fences were kept up, the red barns and silos, the prim white houses, square or with an ell, some of them with front yards inclosed in fences, and rose or snowball bushes growing. Most of these farmers except the LaRues, who lived in a dingy, unpainted house with a bare farm-yard and a hog-pen of trampled, sloughy mud-drove into town in neat "two-seated rigs" with good teams. The cattle feeding in the pastures that sloped down, emeraldgreen, turfy, almost mossy, to the edges of the creeks were sleek and brown.

Over on the cross-roads there were more woods, and it was hillier. The farm-buildings were poorer, the fences slacker. These were the farms where people from Wapsie drove out to buy cheap a chicken, a goose, or a few crates of berries.

The place on the north of the road, beyond LaRue's, was August Kaetterhenry's.

It was a neat, plain farm, two hundred and fifty acres, virtually all under cultivation. The house was set back at what was termed "a nice distance" from the road-a white house with pink trimmings and a narrow porch. The front yard was not fenced in, but August made the boys keep the grass mowed, and it presented a neat appearance. Tall summer lilies, orange with dark spots, grew near the front porch in a spreading patch. On the west of the house stood the windbreak-two rows of elms that were lofty now, rather thin, and close together. The lawn ended at their

trunks in a ridge of high grass and feathery weeds that the boys could not keep cut. A barbed-wire fence, caught together in one place by a wooden staple, separated the trees from the corn-field. The lofty upper branches rustled and moved slightly against the blue sky. In the evening their outlines were blurred, and there was a sadness in their dark leafiness, high and motionless.

The wide yard sloped east to the barns and sheds across the drive. It was worn bare of grass about the buildings and scattered with chicken fluff and droppings. The geese ran squawking across it when teams drove in. The great barn stood at the end of the slope, raised on a high foundation, with an inclined platform of heavy planks that thundered and shook under the horses' hoofs. Every one about here remembered when August Kaetterhenry had put up this barn. It was painted white, as was the silo, and on the peak of the roof were two cupolas with slatted sides, and lightning-rods that glittered intermittently upon the blueness of the sky. On the side toward the road was painted in large black letters slowly getting weather-dimmed:

AUGUST KAETTERHENRY

1907

It was one of the best barns in the country there when it was put up. All of Kaetterhenry's buildings were good. The old barn had been made over by his brother-in-law, Hans Stille, into a granary and milk-house, painted white, too, the ground always slippery and muddy about the milkhouse, a dribble of yellow ears leaking out from the corn-crib, kernels scattered in front of it, where the chickens

were pecking. On the slope nearer the house the windmill stood, with the tank beside it, a bare steel skeleton giving off sudden flashes, the graypainted wheel turning now fast, now slow, up there in the sky.

"Yes," people said when they drove past, "Kaetterhenry 's done pretty good here. Well, he 's a worker all right."

They admired the neat, square fields of oats and corn, the high, rolling pasture dotted with white clover, a few wild plum-trees set slanting, delicate and lonely, here and there. "Yes, sir, he 's got a nice farm."

§ 2

August Kaetterhenry had not always had a farm like this. He had had to work for what he had got, like most of the people in that country. He had n't got prosperous by wishing. There were plenty of people who could remember when he first came into the Richland neighborhood. Along about the early eighties or late seventies it must have been, because he had worked for Henry Baumgartner, and it was in 1884 or "somewheres around" that the Baumgartners had moved into town. He came from Turkey Creek, where there were still "a whole raft of those Kaetterhenrys." August was one of old Casper Kaetterhenry's boys.

Turkey Creek was a little backwoods town about fifteen miles north of Richland, up in the timber. It still had no railroad and was years behind the times, but some of the farmers around there had money, if they only cared to spend it. It was a good trading-center. There was a large German settlement around Turkey Creek, more Germans than in the

country near Richland, which had a good many settlers from Somerset, in England. Turkey Creek had had Scotch and Yankee settlers in the first place, trappers and woodsmen; but the Germans coming in to farm had crowded these people out. They were a slow, hard-headed set, those Turkey Creek Germans, but they were better than the timbermen, who had had, as old men who knew that country liked to tell, "some pretty rough characters among them." The Germans were hard-working money-savers, and they had come to make homes for themselves.

It was Henry Baumgartner who had brought them there in the first placeold Henry Baumgartner. He was gone now, but he had been "quite a character" in his day. He was a Prussian who had come to this country when he was only a boy. He was said to have worked at one of the forges in Pennsylvania. There was a story of how, when he had been working there, he had been converted to German Methodism. He had come out to Iowa in a very early day and had bought up large tracts of timber-land when it was selling for almost nothing. Later, in the interests of both riches and religion, which the old man had always shrewdly worked together, he had sent back to Prussia and got a dozen families to come and settle on his land, promising them help in getting started on the condition that they should all become German Methodists. He had been afraid that the German Catholics, who had a settlement over in the hills at Holy Cross, would get a hold in the Turkey timber. That was the way that large German Methodist community had first started. Other Germans had begun coming in

until the region was full of them. Most of them had been Lutherans in the old country, but Henry Baumgartner had been careful to see that there was no Lutheran church started here.

It was a hilly region, timber- and bottom-land. The people had lived primitively there; many of them did still. There were still a few of the old log cabins to be seen in isolated places down on the Turkey Bottom. In those early days they had all lived in log cabins. The old-timers could remember well when the first framehouse in the country had gone up on old Herman Klaus's farm. Turkey Creek had been a wild little timber town with a few wooden stores and houses, after the first old log buildings had gone down, and the town hall, of the native yellow limestone, that was standing yet at the end of the business street, and where now the community held the harvest-home supper and the young people had dances.

The Kaetterhenrys had lived in one of those log houses on the same land where one of them, a half-brother of August's, was living now-the farm about three miles straight north of Turkey Creek, the one with the small white house and the patch of timber. It had all been timber in those days. The Kaetterhenrys had not been among those whom Henry Baumgartner had brought to this region, they came a few years later, but their history was not very different from that of many families in the community.

They came to this country from Germany in about 1849 or 1850, Casper and his wife and two children, and his brother Adolph and his wife. Casper's wife's brother, Johan Rausch,

had preceded them. He was one of those who had drifted over into Iowa from Ohio or New York, coming because others were coming, because every one was talking about the West. He had written back to his relatives in the old country, full of enthusiasm, praising the country and telling how fine the land was, until he had got Casper and Adolph persuaded to come.

They landed at New Orleans after a voyage of eight weeks and three days in a sailing-vessel, and from there took boat up the Mississippi to St. Louis. They spent the winter there, waiting for spring. The older child, Joseph, died of cholera while they were there. Early the next March, as soon as the river was open, they again took boat, and went up as far as northeastern Iowa. They bought oxen and farm implements at Guttenberg, the little river town where they landed, and from there went straight over to Turkey Creek to join Johan. He soon after pulled out again and went on west, but Casper and Adolph took up land near each other. Casper started right in clearing his land and putting up the log cabin in which the family lived until the children were good-sized.

The cabin had one room at first; later, two more were added. They did their cooking, eating, sleeping all in there. There the children were born, one after another-Mina, Kurt, Mary, August, Sophie, Heinie, Ferdinand. They had had only Lena when they came there, since little Joseph had died on the way. They lived all crowded into that little cabin, four children sleeping packed into a dusty feather-bed over which the covers were hastily drawn in the daytime. Feather-beds and pillows and a

little black tea-pot with raised blue flowers were all that the Kaetterhenrys had brought with them from the old country. They had had none of the comforts of life to begin with. They had saved up just money enough to pay for the journey and their first crude farming necessities. They went through all the hardships of pioneer life, the clearing of the land, storms that killed their cattle and flooded their fields, the terrible blizzards of those days. Another child-Marydied, and was buried in a little grave that Casper himself dug in a corner of their land. They had to work, all of them, father, mother, girls, and boys, just as soon as they could get into the field.

But they were a sturdy tribe; they could stand things. Casper Kaetterhenry had been a farm laborer in the old country. He had always worked hard, and so had his wife. But now that he was working for himself instead of for some wealthy Pomeranian landowner who would get all the profits, he was willing to work. Now he was going to make a landowner of himself.

He brought up his children to know very little but work. The mother had little time for them. In the intervals of bearing them she had to work in the field. So did Lena, the oldest girl. Mina gave them all the care that was given. They always cared more for this sister, in a way, than for any other human being-Mina, a thick-faced, heavy, "Dutchy"-looking girl, slow and melancholy and conscientious and kind. She afterward married Rudy Nisson, and had a hard time of it.

The older children had no chance for any schooling, but a schoolhouse was built on the outskirts of Turkey Creek

to which the younger ones went off and on, as they could be spared, in the winter. That Turkey Creek school! It had wooden benches and a great stove on which one of the teachers"Old Man Bartlett" they called himkept hickory switches drying. Teachers were as irregular as pupils. Old Man Bartlett stayed only one week. He had already "licked" all the boys once or twice over, and he celebrated his last day by whipping every one of the girls. The next Monday he did not appear. He had "skipped the country." He had come to Turkey Creek from no one knew where, with only the clothes on his back, and no one ever learned what had become of him. There were a few attempts made to hold a German school, but they did not come to much. But it seemed to Casper Kaetterhenry that his children were in clover. He himself could do little more than write his

own name.

Even some of the other farmers about there said that Casper was n't easy on his children. He expected them to work and that he should get all the benefit of their work. As soon as they were old enough to do anything they had to help on the farm. That was the way to save up money. Casper kept them at it every minute.

As soon as August was eleven he began hiring out to some of the neighboring farmers. He was a good worker. All of the Kaetterhenrys were. "Ach, those Kaetterhenrys!" people would sometimes say, meaning that they were stubborn and silent and dumm. And of Kurt or August or Heinie, "Ja, he 's a Kaetterhenry all right." They were Pomeranians. "Pummers" people called them, making fun of some of their ways and the