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as Vicksburg had not yet been fortified. But then comes delay, of which Halleck bears the chief blame, so that another year of fierce conflict passed before the Mississippi is cleared of all hindrance to its navigation. In this campaign the character of the leading General (Grant) on the side of the Union showed itself; also two other great commanders at this time manifested their military ability-Sherman and Thomas.

A resurgence of the Confederates takes place, breaking over and around the advanced line of the Federals, and swelling up into Kentucky, almost reaches Louisville and Cincinnati. But it is met and the West-Southern army returns substantially within its old line. This resurgence takes place along the whole battle-line of the War East and West. In September, 1862, the Confederates have overrun central Kentucky quite to the Ohio River, and Lee has crossed into Maryland. This month Confederate fortune touches its highest point during the War. Only in Grant's line is there no serious break, though two vigorous attempts are made by the enemy (at Iuka Sept. 19th and at Corinth Oct. 3).

Thus at the end of this Period of the War the military situation has declared itself in the East and West. In both sections the strong Confederate resurgence of 1862 is met and pushed back to its old limits essentially. But there is also a decided difference between the two sections. In

the East each side is arrayed on the same old battle-line of separation, with nothing won by the North; in the West the new battle-line is kept, with all the gained territory behind it, which includes a large part of the seceded SlaveStates, Tennessee and Arkansas, as well as the whole of the unseceded Slave-States, Kentucky and Missouri. This we shall see to be not an accident, but typical of what is to come. The outline of the military movement of the entire War is distinctly foredrawn in this first general

movement.

III. The Idea realized by the Nation. We must not leave out of the historic process of the time that the War in all its great demands was maintained by the People. In fact the FolkSoul made itself felt not only at the seat of Government but also in the armies, since there was a continuous interflow between the soldier and his family at home. Nearly every Northerner in the ranks could write, and of course did not fail to give the echo of his part of the army about commanders, politics, and things in general. This epistolary stream between the front and home was very influential, even if not on the surface. It often reached and revealed the heart of the situation better than the newspapers, which were inclined to have their favorites, military as well as political. The correspondents of the Press were for the most part at

the headquarters of the General, and usually gave his version or at least his coloring to events, which was not always that of the soldiers.

The People of the North in spite of reverses and discouragements, stood as a whole loyally by Lincoln. The demands made upon them were certainly great-they furnished the blood, the money and the will.

(a). Men were called for in great numbers to offer their lives for the Union. They could only come from the People, who had to make and did make this living sacrifice willingly for the cause. By the hundreds of thousands they were required and appeared.

(b). Money, which stands for the toil and industry of the People, was needed in vast quantities, and was always forthcoming. Bonds were issued and disposed of at home and abroad; legal Tender was issued, a national necessity even if an economic folly.

(c). The People's Will, expressed at the ballot box, supported the measures of the Government. Herein was shown the unique, transcendent power of Lincoln. He never appealed to the Folk-Soul in vain, though its response varied in volume during the four years of War. The one Will of the President was backed by the National Will in spite of his mistakes. So the People gave him unstintedly what he wanted for attain

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ing his end, since that was their end as well as that of Civilization.

Such is, then, the round here manifesting itself continually: the People's Will returns and interlinks, as it were, with that of the President, who in his turn directs the mighty forces, the army and the navy, into fulfilling the purpose of the World-Spirit, and then comes back to the original fountain of his authority, the People, for approval and renewed support.

The Winning of the Seceded
Slave States (New)
1862-3.

Already in the previous Period the WestNorthern army had obtained a secure footing in Tennessee and Arkansas as well as in Louisiana, all of them new or derived Slave-States which had seceded from the Union. Seven of these States had gone out, and now the whole seven are to be overrun during the present Period, which we fix as the second of the War, including Vicksburg and Gettysburg as its central military events. They foreshadow the end of the struggle and seem the mighty response to Lincoln's proclamation of emancipation, as well as its confirmation. Undoubtedly these seven new Slave-States, as children of the Union which they are trying to slay, have in them that parricidal strain already mentioned which provokes the tragic blow from "the revenging Gods" more speedily than the act of secession of the old Slave-States. They are the first of the revolted Commonwealths to be subdued.

Lincoln and with him the War and the People move out of the preceding stage and take a great step forward. The attempt is still to preserve the Union, but not exactly as it was; it is hence;

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