first call for volunteers, and refused compliance, but their opposition was unavailing. West Virginia would not accept the ordinance of Secession from Richmond, and began the making of itself over into a new State. Thus the gap was filled between Maryland and Kentucky, and the Tier of unseceded Slave-States reached in an uninterrupted line from the sea-board to Kansas.

We shall seek to outline the first Period in its process, which embraces the events from the beginning of the War, in 1861, till Autumn 1862. Thus we can catch a view of the first round of occurrences, in which is seen the fundamental process lurking in the vast diversity of happenings before us. Such is, indeed, the movement of the World-Spirit itself, or we may call it the Idea, the stages of whose process we shall put together as follows: (I) The Idea formulated by President or Congress usually; (II) The Idea armed by the naval and military Powers; (III) The Idea realized, being taken up and backed by the Nation. In each of the three mentioned Periods we shall find this same process repeating itself; and in each stage of this process we shall likewise find essentially the same movement.

I. The Idea formulated. We have to look to the center, to Washington, for the creative Idea or Thought which leads to the result. Lincoln in his Messages and Addresses sounds the keynote: the Primacy of the Union. This is the

doctrine which finally wins the Border States, at first balancing between the two opposing tendencies, and somewhat uncertain which way to go. Sparing their feelings, Lincoln keeps in the background the slavery question till they are ready to meet it. He will at the start restore the Union, the old Union as double, with its States both slave and free. He does not take back his doctrine of stopping the extension of slavery to the territories, but he does not dwell on it in the presence of a more pressing question. His first work is to lead these doubting States away from the Primacy of the Single-State to the Primacy of the Union. In this his success is emphatic.

To be sure, they cannot stop long at such a point; the Union cannot remain half-slave and half-free. The State-producing Union has been productive of both sorts of States hitherto, but just this is what cannot continue. The contradiction must work itself out to the surface and be eliminated. How can a Union half-slave and half-free produce wholly free States? For a time it may do so, but not permanently, according to Lincoln's most famous utterance. At present, however, the Border Slave-States can be brought to take this first step of maintaining "the Constitution as it is and the Union as it was," which is quite a stride for them.

So it comes that the third or upper Tier of Slave-States remains in the Union, the wave of

Secession breaking in vain against it. Three sorts of States are included in it. (a) Two of the Original Thirteen which helped make the Union, remain faithful - Delaware and Maryland. (b) Two of the Derived Slave-States, Kentucky and Missouri, refuse to go out with the other seven of their sort. (c) One State of this Tier (West Virginia) is peculiar, it may in a sense be considered both original and derived. It was a part of old Virginia, and hence assisted at the birth of the Union and Constitution; yet it becomes a new or derived State, the child of the Union and Constitution. It is born anew, being made over from a seceded into an unseceded Slave-State, which, however, is in time to free itself of slavery. Thus it has within itself the process which forecasts the Union as FreeState producing universally, enfranchising not only the Territories, but the Slave-States themselves, new and old. West Virginia from this point of view may be said to reveal the widest sweep of the War, the transformation of the Original Thirteen into the new order, and specially of the old Slave-State into the new Free-State. The act is probably outside of the Constitution, which thus is made to go back to the start and re-make not only itself but its makers the States which made it.

II. The Idea armed. This is the element of manifestation in the War, its colossal spectacular

element, its thought realizing itself in action over the vast area from the Atlantic to the Rockies. It is that part upon which History dwells and dilates with a peculiar fondness, picturing the deeds of armies and of individuals in all their diversities and fluctuations. The central Idea now rays itself out into a multiplicity of events in which the mind gets lost unless it be continually brought back from their mazes to their genetic clew.

In the briefest manner we shall seek to designate the indwelling process of the armed conflicts of the War. These take place on sea and land; the Idea is equipped with two kinds of weapons, military and naval. The military is by far the largest and most important branch of the nation's service, the most impressive display of the People's Will to defend and preserve their Union. So we shall divide the army into two parts, the Eastern and Western, each of which has its own special task, and also unfolds its own peculiar character. The one (Eastern) is essentially defensive, while the other (Western) is essentially offensive; the navy is essentially preventive. Yet each can and does at times play the part of either of the other two. We shall begin with the work of the navy.

(a). As the South had almost no ships and not many sailors, there could be little offensive or defensive warfare of the naval sort. The

Secession breaking in vain against it. Three sorts of States are included in it. (a) Two of the Original Thirteen which helped make the Union, remain faithful - Delaware and Maryland. (b) Two of the Derived Slave-States, Kentucky and Missouri, refuse to go out with the other seven of their sort. (c) One State of this Tier (West Virginia) is peculiar, it may in a sense be considered both original and derived. It was a part of old Virginia, and hence assisted at the birth of the Union and Constitution; yet it becomes a new or derived State, the child of the Union and Constitution. It is born anew, being made over from a seceded into an unseceded Slave-State, which, however, is in time to free itself of slavery. Thus it has within itself the process which forecasts the Union as FreeState producing universally, enfranchising not only the Territories, but the Slave-States themselves, new and old. West Virginia from this point of view may be said to reveal the widest sweep of the War, the transformation of the Original Thirteen into the new order, and specially of the old Slave-State into the new Free-State. The act is probably outside of the Constitution, which thus is made to go back to the start and re-make not only itself but its makers the States which made it.

II. The Idea armed. This is the element of manifestation in the War, its colossal spectacular