or indeed many cycles self-returning while going forward. Primarily historic happenings are successive in time, but secondarily they are moving in a Process also, which Process clothes itself in the ever-flowing folds of these on-sweeping

events.

But this historic Process of happenings in time is by no means the end of the matter; it has a deeper purpose than itself, it reaches out beyond its own immediate reality, and has as its object the training of the People, of the associated Whole, into the new idea or conviction. We have often dwelt upon the historic Process starting from Washington, passing to Kansas and thence impressing itself upon the People. This is indeed the grand discipline of the Folk-Soul for its approaching task.

2. Repeatedly has there been mention of the Folk-Soul whose conception must be grasped. Every People may be said to have a soul of its own, a spirit which governs it, and which constitutes its essential character. Such an idea undoubtedly is derived from the soul or spirit of the individual man. In the American Revolution the Folk-Soul was united upon the separation of the colonies from the mother-country. But in the present epoch we have seen it dividing within itself and becoming dualized into Northern and Southern. Still even in this state of division

it is not without a strong impulse toward reunion, which will finally be brought about.

The Nation feels, thinks and acts as a unit, as one Soul or Mind, which animates its total organism. Many common expressions imply this. We often hear of Public Sentiment, or the People's Feeling on certain matters; then again, the Popular Will is spoken of, indicating what the Folk-Soul intends to do; Public Opinion signifies what the People think. All these terms imply a Folk-Soul feeling, acting, knowing, though it be made up of many individual souls, each of which feels, acts and knows.

3. But now comes the fact that there are also many individual Folk-Souls, many separate Peoples, each with its Folk-Soul on this globe of ours. These are in a process with one another, at least that is the case with many of them. They are, however, of very different values at different times; they rise, bloom, and decline in the course of History, which shows a line of ascent and descent in Nations. What is it that brings about these changes? Here we must glimpse an Energy regnant over the Folk-Soul and determining it, which we call the WorldSpirit, the Supreme Power of History. Other names it has more popular, but more vague, such as Civilization, Progress, the Logic of Events.

This World-Spirit is what impresses itself on

a given people or Folk-Soul, and makes the same the upholder and defender of its purpose or idea, which usually takes an ethical form or becomes a moral conviction. A peculiar fact concerning this World-Spirit is its moving about from place to place, and its selection of a State or an individual as its supporter. It seems to find the People and the man who have become prepared for its work through their own free development. The command from without comes and can only come when the command from within has been already delivered. We have before noted that the World-Spirit leaves Kansas for another field when one great stage of the Ten Years' War has been completed with its special task.

4. But is there a still higher Power than the World-Spirit? Over it indeed must be the Supreme Spirit, the Universal Self or the Self of the Universe. The World's History is but one way in which this Supreme Spirit manifests itself to and through man. Other ways of its manifestation are through Art, Science, Philosophy, but especially through Religion, which has also its History, that is, its varied appearances in Time. Ultimately, then, Universal History, the record of associated man in the State or in the political Institution, must be traced back in its origin to the Universe itself as Ego, Self, Spirit, which creates it as one form of revealing itself and its processes. In fact the predicate, Uni

versal, which is applied to History in its supreme potency, can only be derived from the Universe as creating the same. Thus the World-Spirit which presides over History, is but one form or phase of the One Spirit, that of the All. A full development of these somewhat remote and mind-stretching thoughts belongs, however, to a Psychology of History. For Psychology is now claiming to be the Universal Science (instead of Philosophy), which means also the Science of the Universe, of the All as Self.

5. One of the most significant parts of historical study is to find the Transition, the point at which one great series of events passes into another constituting what are usually called the Periods of History. These are the joints of the historic organism, so to speak, or the divisions of one great historic Process into subordinate Processes. Using psychological terms which express the ultimate conception, we may say that every important Period, as Ancient or Medieval History, is a Psychosis, which is still further divided into many lesser Periods, each of which again is a Psychosis. Thus we are to see that each part has a principle in common with its whole, else it could not be a part of that Whole. Still it is also different from its Whole, else it would not be distinctly itself. In this way each smaller historic Process or cycle becomes a link in the greater and greatest

historic Process or cycle, imaging and indeed producing the Whole of which it is a member and which produces it.

6. Returning to our special theme out of these generalities, we may study briefly the Transition from Kansas to Illinois, which now takes place and ushers in the Second Part of the great conflict. This Transition may be looked at from various points of view, or rather it shows different and deepening forms of itself. Of these we may note the following:

(a) There is the Transition (already observed) from a particular Free-Stateism to a universal Free-Stateism. Kansas struggled to make her special Territory a Free-State; she had enough to do at home in that matter. But her particular case passing into the Northern States was widened into the general principle of making all the Territories into Free-States, which principle found its expression in the Republican platform of 1856.

(b) The conflict in Kansas between the legal wrong and the illegal right has been often dwelt upon in the preceding account. Here it need only be said that this conflict also passed over into the Northern States, bringing to consciousness the sharp distinction between the Form of Law and its Spirit, and impressing upon the People their primordial right of making their own Laws and Institutions (self-government)