tribution to case work. The teacher, the neurologist, the student of the psychology of behavior, the salesman will all be of help.

Perhaps of these the art of the salesman seems to be the most remote from that of the social worker. Yet the underlying philosophy of his method is the same as that of the person who is trying to help families. The salesman's effort is to make the prospective customer conscious of his need of the article that is to be sold. Having created a demand, or if one exists already, having called attention to it, the salesman shows that his goods will fill that demand. Then he clinches his order by giving reasons why the customer should buy, and buy immediately. Thus he uses the predicament, sometimes artificially constructed, the way out and motivation. The psychology of salesmanship has indeed many suggestions for the case worker. One suggestion, however, it must not have. That is the conception of compulsion. The salesman is obliged to bespeak his goods with all the energy at his command. He wants the customer to take his, i.e., the salesman's way out. The case worker, on the contrary, does the best work when, having faced a man with the facts of his situation, she urges him to plan his own way out. Only when the man is unable to suggest a plan of his own does the case worker propose a remedy. When possible, she suggests several remedies so that in making a decision the man has a choice.

Moreover, the days when the case worker forced her opinion upon a family are passing, if indeed they are not already past. Is not the use of discipline in the withholding of relief often a confession of the inability of the worker to suggest motives that will encourage a man to act for himself? The best social case worker is she who has the greatest faith in people and in their right to make their own decisions. The more nearly motivation becomes not a forcing of the will of the case worker but an inspiration and encouragement by her to the man after his decision has been made, the more it approaches the true ideal of social case treatment.

The art of social case treatment, then, is threefold. It starts with making clear to the family or the individual the nature of the predicament and what that predicament involves. It continues by showing a way or ways out of the trouble and it concludes by appealing to the motives which will help the person to decide to master his predicament and to carry out that decision.

The opportunities for social case treatment lie in the recognition

that such a thing as social case treatment exists, and that it is for the purpose of social case treatment that investigation and diagnosis are made. The development of social case treatment depends largely upon the interest with which case workers analyze their own work and profit by experience in allied fields. They may, indeed, learn much from such examples as that set by the soldier in the recruiting office. His success, crude and unpremeditated though it was, is suggestive for the future of social case treatment.

Director of the Women's Division, Industrial Service Section,

Ordnance Department.

The case worker is authoritatively defined as one who plans different things for different people. The social reformer, considered as one concerned with movements rather than individuals, aims to secure an identical benefit for an entire group. The case worker fixes attention on the individual. The social reformer devotes his energies to the conditions of the community. In interests, immediate purpose, method, and even in spirit and philosophy, the two would seem to be far apart. Far apart they sometimes seem to each other. The social reformer accuses the case worker of blindness in attending exclusively to the immediate task ahead,-patching up his neighbor's affairs without changing the conditions which have caused his misfortunes. To the case worker, on the other hand, the social reformer seems sometimes to be a dreamer, thinking about a changed order and neglecting the people who now suffer from it, and who must be reckoned with in an effort to change it.

To the outsider these distinctions would probably seem to be a mere quibble, lacking in significance, or at best merely a portrayal of contrasts between two types who must together make up a world. To the social worker, however, it frequently becomes a practical question how most wisely to proportion the emphasis given to the mass movement and to the individual in trouble. In social work as a whole, if we may view as a whole so diverse and complicated a set of activities, a fruitful relationship between the two types of effort is a practical necessity. The case worker must be blind who can see no possibility of social and organized effort to change the conditions surrounding one individual after another whom he aims to help. The social reformer who does not draw his conclusions from the actual experience of individuals is in danger of being an unsafe guide in social action.

Granted, however, the necessity for a two-fold view of the individual and the mass if progress is to be made, practical questions

arise as to how this relationship can be achieved. The word "cooperation" is not enough. Its terms need analysis in connection with the concrete tasks which the social case worker, or a reformer of conditions, has set for himself. Two of these large tasks may serve as illustrations, the public health movement and industrial reform. Certainly sickness and a low standard of living would be regarded as giving rise to a large proportion of the problems of the social worker.

Health, or the lack of it, has made necessary the care of the sick as individuals, institutions caring for groups, official departments to protect the community, educational campaigns to train individuals in the care of their own health, and bodies of laws establishing safeguards, or controlling conditions, such as quarantine regulations or sanitary codes. The social and economic effects of sickness have resulted in plans for health insurance, which marks a new phase of effort in the health movement. The health movement in its social aspects is a part of social work, broadly conceived. In its medical aspects it affords an illuminating parallel. Medical research is to the practicing physician what social research should be to the case worker. Individual experience should be both a source of information and a goal of effort. Facts gathered in daily practice may be the basis of laws which in turn are a guide in daily practice. The case worker is both an observer and a practitioner. The social reformer may be a research student studying the laws of social relationships or a propagandist, a practitioner for communities instead of for individuals.

The health movement, like other social effort, has three main branches: research for the discovery of knowledge; education, including the training of individuals and the dissemination of knowledge; and reform, or the change in conditions producing disease. It is significant that neither the case worker nor the social reformer would wish to be denied a share in any of these three branches of effort. Each of them, too, has its starting point in individual experience, while the individual is the final test of achievement of the ends sought.

The effort to prevent tuberculosis is a good illustration. Medical research showed this to be a disease curable and preventable largely through education of individuals and through control of their environment. Thus its cure and prevention are essentially

tasks for the joint efforts of case workers and social reformers. Certainly organizations concerned with individuals and families have had an important share in the development of general educational work, and in the establishment of sanatoriums. On the other hand, social reform in relation to the prevention of tuberculosis, which we think of as including both public education and efforts to improve working and living conditions, has established a certain foundation for case workers/

In the prevention of tuberculosis, however, as in all other public health work, neither case workers nor social reformers have finished their tasks and it is the unfinished task which challenges them to more united effort. Tuberculosis is essentially a disease of poverty, fostered by under-nourishment, by congested quarters for living, by long hours of work, by dust in workshops, by lack of fresh air, good food, and exercise. The accumulated experience of all the case workers, if it were really to be made to appeal as it should to the public imagination, would be an irresistible force in changing for the better the present conditions of life and work. One reason why the task continues to be unfinished is that the individual experience is not made to count as it should in social reform.

The same lack is illustrated in industrial reform, and the many obstacles in the way of its accomplishment. It is a temporary or permanent inability to maintain a normal standard which constitutes the characteristic problem of the case worker. Thousands of case workers in many parts of the country are trying to see the way out in this problem as it recurs day after day. It is met in good case work by the establishment of new relationships for the individual, or the vitalizing of old ones, and by a general sharing of burdens, as well as by a new stimulus to the individual. The apportionment of burdens, however, is not always clearly appreciated. The time is not long past when charitable societies and relatives bore the whole economic burden of industrial accidents. Now in many states, in Workmen's Compensation Laws, it has been recognized that industry must meet the consequences of its own hazards. Health insurance is advocated for the same reason,-to bring about a more just apportionment of burdens.

The significant fact about health insurance in relation to this discussion of case work is that case workers have contributed so